Topologies and performance of intelligent algorithms: a comprehensive review

Recently, optimization makes an important role in our day-to-day life. Evolutionary and population-based optimization algorithms are widely employed in several of engineering areas. The design of an optimization algorithm is a challenging endeavor caused of physical phenomena in order to obtain appropriate local and global search operators. Generally, local operators are fast. In contrast, global operators are used to find best solution in the search space; therefore they are slower compare to the local ones. The best review-knowledge of papers show that there are many optimization algorithms such as genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, artificial bee colony and etc in the engineering as a powerful tools. However, there is not a comprehensive review for theirs topologies and performance; therefore, the main goal of this paper is filling of this scientific gap. Moreover, several aspects of optimization heuristic designs and analysis are discussed in this paper. As a result, detailed explanation, comparison, and discussion on AI are achieved. Furthermore, some future research fields on AI are well summarized.     

An effective Enterprise Architecture Implementation Methodology

Enterprise Architecture (EA) is a holistic strategy that is commonly used to improve the alignment of enterprise’s business and Information Technology. Enterprise Architecture Implementation Methodology (EAIM) prepares a set of methods and practices for developing, managing, and maintaining an EA implementation project. There is ineffectiveness in existing EAIMs due to complexities emerging from EAIM practices, models, factors, and strategy. Consequently, EA projects may encounter lack of support in the following areas: requirements analysis, governance and evaluation, guideline for implementation, and continual improvement of EA implementation. The aim of this research is to develop an effective EAIM to support EA implementation. To fulfill this objective, the first step is to identify effective EA implementation practices and the factors that impact the effectiveness of EAIM. In this regard, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted in order to identify the effective practices and factors of EAIM. Secondly, the proposed EAIM is developed based on the foundations and information extracted from the SLR and semi-structured interviews with EA practitioners. Finally, the proposed EAIM is evaluated by means of case study as the research methodology. The target audience for this research is twofold: (1) researchers who would extend the effective EA implementation and continue this research topic with further analysis and exploration; (2) practitioners who would like to employ an effective and lightweight EAIM for an EA project.     

Comparison of practical methods for an efficient FPGA implementation of STAP

This study investigated and compared the practical methods used for the efficient Field- Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) implementation of space-time adaptive processing (STAP). The most important part of calculating the STAP weights is the QR decomposition (QRD), which can be implemented using the modified Gram-Schmidt (MGS) algorithm. The results show that the method that uses QRD with less computational burden leads to a more effective implementation. Its structure was parameterised with the vector size to create a trade-off between the hardware and performance factors. For this purpose, QRD-MGS algorithm was first modified to increase the speed, and then the STAP weight vector was calculated. The implementation results show that decreasing the vector size decreases the resource utilisation, computational burden and the consumption power. While the computation time increases slightly, the updated rate of the STAP weights is maintained. For example, the STAP weights in a system with 6 antenna arrays, 10 received pulses and 200 range samples computed in 262 µs using a vector size of 17 on the Arria10 FPGA that has a maximum of 155 µs correlates to the QRD-MGS algorithm and 107 µs correlates to the other parts. Therefore, QRD-MGS algorithm is the most important component of the calculation of the STAP weight vector, and its simplification leads to efficient implementation.     

Neurotransmitter-induced novel modulation of a nonselective cation channel by a cAMP-dependent mechanism in rat pineal cells

In the rat, circadian rhythm in melatonin is regulated by noradrenergic and neuropeptide inputs to the pineal via adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)- and Ca2+-dependent mechanisms. We have identified a large conductance (170 pS), voltage-dependent, nonselective cation channel on rat pineal cells in culture that shows a novel mode of modulation by cAMP. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP), norepinephrine, or 8-Br-cAMP increase channel open probability (Po) with a hyperpolarizing shift in voltage dependence such that the channel becomes active at resting membrane potentials. The increase in Po was accompanied by a change in current rectification properties such that the channel was transformed from being inactive at rest to an inwardly rectifying cation conductance in the presence of agonist, which depolarizes the cell. This channel is calcium insensitive, is blocked by Cs+, and shows a permeability sequence: K+ > Na+ >/= NH+4 > Li+. The data suggest that PACAP and norepinephrine acting through a cAMP-dependent mechanism modulate this nonselective cation channel, resulting in a slow onset depolarization that may be important in regulation of pineal cell excitability.     

Utilization of Fuzzy C-means algorithm as a novel predictive tool for estimation of interfacial tension of hydrocarbon and brine

The interfacial tension that exists between brine and hydrocarbon is known as one of major properties in petroleum industries because it extremely affects oil trapping in reservoirs and consequently oil recovery. Due to aforementioned reasons the importance of investigation of this parameter has been highlighted. In the present study, Fuzzy C-means (FCM) algorithm was developed to predict interfacial tension between hydrocarbon and brine as function of different parameters such as pressure, temperature, carbon number of hydrocarbon and ionic strength of brine. The obtained results of predicting algorithm expressed its low relative error and deviation from the experimental data which gathered from the literature. Also the coefficients of determination (R²) for training and testing data were calculated 0.9508 and 0.9309 respectively. This predictive tool is simple and user friend to utilize and can be helpful for petroleum engineers to estimate interfacial tension between hydrocarbons and brine.     

Comparison of practical methods for an efficient FPGA implementation of STAP

In this paper, practical methods for an efficient field programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation of space-time adaptive processing (STAP) are investigated and compared. The most important part for calculating the STAP weights is QR decomposition (QRD) which can be implemented using the modified Gram–Schmidt algorithm. Investigations show the method that uses QRD with less computational burden and leads to more effective implementation. Its structure parameterised with vector size to create a trade-off between hardware and performance factors. For this purpose, the modifications on QRD-MGS are performed in order to speed increasing. Then, the calculation of STAP weight vector was implemented. The implementation results show that decreasing vector size decreases the resources utilisation, computational burden and consumption power. However, computation time increases slightly, but the update rate of the STAP weights is maintained. For example, weights in the system with 6 antenna arrays, 10 received pulses and 200 range samples computed in 262 µs by vector size of 17 on the Arria10 FPGA the maximum of which is 155 µs are related to QRD-MGS and 107 µs is related to other parts. Therefore, QRD-MGS is the most important part in calculation of the STAP weight vector and its simplifying led to an efficient implementation.

Abbreviations: Computation time, Field programmable gate array, QR decomposition, Space time adaptive processing     

Mechanical properties of Bombyx mori silk yarns studied with tensile testing method

The mechanical properties of Bombyx mori silk yarns and baves were investigated with tensile testing method. After silk yarns were pre‐extended at different strain levels and fixed for a while followed by recovery process, the tensile characteristics were examined in detail. It was commonly observed that low preliminary extensions up to 2–3% do not cause the changes of the mechanical properties and stress‐strain curves because they result in small structural changes and distortions, which were recovered within relatively short time (～ 1 min) in recovery process. However, pre‐extension values >3% strain lead to great changes of the mechanical properties and fibre structure, i.e., the changes of the shape of stress‐strain curve where additional transition point was observed, increase in the rigidity and stress at rupture, but decrease in extensibility as a result of orientation and destruction of the fibre structure especially in the amorphous region. It was stated that silk fibre consists of two distinct deformation regions, namely first linear region extending up to 2–3% strain and the second region beyond 2–3% strain where the main reorganization processes of the fibre structure, that is, the straining of macromolecular chains especially in the amorphous regions, the orientation of structural units such as β‐sheet microcrystals in stretching direction, and the destruction of macromolecules take place. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

Computational Fluid Dynamics Characterization of High-Capacity Structured Packing

The novel wire gauze structured packing, PACK-860, was characterized by means of numerical methods. The main features of PACK-860 such as height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) and dry/wet pressure drop were evaluated. The flow structure in this packing was described by numerical simulation. To estimate the amount of HETP and dry/wet pressure drop, three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (3D CFD) modeling with the Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase approach was applied. The average relative errors between the results obtained from CFD simulation and experimental findings for mass transfer efficiency and wet and dry pressure drop were assessed. Numerical observations were found to agree well with the empirical results, proving the reliability of CFD simulations for modeling separation processes.