Development of a high energy biscuit for use as a food supplement in disaster relief

International aid agencies undertake supplementary feeding programmes following disasters in order to alleviate or prevent protein energy malnutrition. The associated problems include lack of facilities for preparation and distribution of food on site and food hygiene dangers. In response to these factors a biscuit of high calorific value and acceptable organoleptic qualities has been developed. It is currently being used by Oxfam as part of their disaster relief programme in Ethiopia.     

P and S arrival time anomalies at a dense array: Marker of the travale field

Arrival times of seismic waves propagated to a dense array (20 three-component seismometers on a 3 × 3 km area) from natural sources beneath the Travale field, have been analysed for lateral variations which can be related to the extent of the productive reservoir. Significant teleseismic delays between sites only a few hundred meters apart correlate with productive well R9. Spatial variation of both P and S travel arrival times from local earthquakes at the edge of the array and 4 km deep beneath the reservoir consistently delineate its lateral extent to the south and east as documented by drillholes.     

Iterative approximation analysis of guard-channel-based strategies in mobile cellular networks

A new mathematical method to analyse the performance of guard-channel-based strategies is proposed. The analysis is based on the iterative calculation of the average effective channel holding time. The method presented provides higher accuracy than alternative solutions previously reported in the literature     

Criteria for accurate usage of block models

The results of block model calculations for multiple discretizations of a dielectric sphere and circular cylinder suggest that it is essential that the cells must be arranged for a best-fit of the body being modeled, the matrix elements must be reasonably accurate, and the cells must be small enough so that the pulse-function basis approximation is not blatantly unreasonable. When these criteria are approximately satisfied the remaining errors appear to be mainly due to imperfect representation of the shape of the object being modeled. It appears that the accuracy can be improved by using discretizations having cells of reduced size near the surface of the object. Geometric factors are defined which allow testing the potential accuracy of a solution without dimensioning or inverting a large matrix. Several unique procedures for discretization are also described that have the potential of partially mitigating the errors due to inaccurate representation of the shape of a scatterer.     

Analysis of an interferometric optical fibre detection technique applied to silicon vibrating sensors

A simple and accurate analysis of a single-mode optical fibre interferometric displacement detection technique is resented. This analysis is in good agreement with experimental measurements, and shows that angular alignment between the fibre and the sensor is the most critical parameter.     

Effect of Salt, Sugar and Storage Time on Microbiological, Chemical and Sensory Properties of Chinese Style Dried Pork

A Chinese dried pork product was manufactured with combinations of 15, 22.5, and 30% sugar and 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5% salt and evaluated for microbiological, chemical and sensory properties at 0, 7, 14, and 21 days of storage. Aerobic and anaerobic plate counts and TBA values increased during storage with the high sugar and salt combination resulting in the least microbial growth. No major rancidity problems developed. A 30% sugar and 2.5% salted product resulted in the highest panel flavor scores when evaluated by a group of panelists from the Orient.     

Volatile N-nitrosamines in sausage products

The authors studied the content of volatile N-nitrosamines (NA) in the most common sausage products. It was established that the total content of NA in sausage products is not high and ranges from trace amounts up to 10 micrograms/kg product. The allowable doses of nitrite in the sausage manufacture being low, no relationship was discovered between the content of NA and residual nitrite in meat products.     

Decentralized energy supply: Suitability for the UK's industrial sectors

From the results reported here it is suggested that policy decisions about the potential contribution of decentralized energy supply systems to UK industrial energy requirements should be based on the suitability of individual sectors rather than averaged over all sectors. The suitability of decentralized energy sources is evaluated, based on a themodynamic match between source and demand. This suitability criterion is used to identify the most appropriate sector in manufacturing industries for the adoption of decentralized energy supply, leaving aside economic cost considerations and individual site requirements.