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81.
In this work, we report new optically pumped far-infrared (FIR) laser lines from CHD/sub 2/OH. A waveguide CO/sub 2/ laser of wide tunability (290 MHz) was used as pump source, and a Fabry-Pe/spl acute/rot open cavity was used as a FIR laser resonator. Optoacoustic absorption spectra were used as a guide to search for new FIR laser lines. We could observe 15 new laser lines in the range from 116.4 to 401.4 /spl mu/m. The lines were characterized according to wavelength, relative polarization, relative intensity, and optimum working pressure. The transferred Lamb-dip technique was used to measure the frequency absorption transition both for the new and previously reported laser lines. 相似文献
82.
This study investigates the phenotype of turbulent (Re = 5,200) and laminar (Re = 2,000) flow-generated Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms. Three P. fluorescens strains, the type strain ATCC 13525 and two strains isolated from an industrial processing plant, D3-348 and D3-350, were used throughout this study. The isolated strains were used to form single and binary biofilms. The biofilm physiology (metabolic activity, cellular density, mass, extracellular polymeric substances, structural characteristics and outer membrane proteins [OMP] expression) was compared. The results indicate that, for every situation, turbulent flow-generated biofilms were more active (p < 0.05), had more mass per cm(2) (p < 0.05), a higher cellular density (p < 0.05), distinct morphology, similar matrix proteins (p > 0.1) and identical (isolated strains -single and binary biofilms) and higher (type strain) matrix polysaccharides contents (p < 0.05) than laminar flow-generated biofilms. Flow-generated biofilms formed by the type strain revealed a considerably higher cellular density and amount of matrix polysaccharides than single and binary biofilms formed by the isolated strains (p < 0.05). Similar OMP expression was detected for the several single strains and for the binary situation, not dependent on the hydrodynamic conditions. Binary biofilms revealed an equal coexistence of the isolated strains with apparent neutral interactions. In summary, the biofilms formed by the type strain represent, apparently, the worst situation in a context of control. The results obtained clearly illustrate the importance of considering strain variation and hydrodynamics in biofilm development, and complement previous studies which have focused on physical aspects of structural and density differences. 相似文献
83.
Disassembly sequence planning in a disassembly cell context 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In this paper a two-phase approach is proposed for determining the optimal disassembly sequence when the disassembly system has a cellular configuration. Operations are first grouped into cells based on the resources they require with the goal of minimizing machine acquisition costs. The aim is to group together those operations that use similar equipment in order to achieve good utilization levels of such equipment. A maximum cell size may be imposed. Once the cells have been formed and the operations have been assigned to them, a metaheuristic algorithm (namely GRASP) is used to search for the disassembly sequence for each product that leads to the minimum number of intercellular movements. To account for uncertainty regarding the condition in which the product may arrive, each disassembly task is assumed to be required with a certain probability, regardless of the other tasks. AND/OR precedence relations among the disassembly tasks are also considered. The proposed approach is illustrated on a randomly generated disassembly problem. 相似文献
84.
Juan Carlos Benítez Carlos A. Giúdice Vicente J. D. Rascio 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》1985,35(8):387-394
This paper discusses the bioactivity of antifouling paints based on organotin toxicants, such as tributyltin fluoride (TBTF) and triphenyltin fluoride (TPTF). These compounds were used alone or mixed as the main toxicant in formulations. The use of TPTF or mixtures of TPTF and TBTF, with vinyl binders, led to paints with satisfactory bioactivity during a 24 months immersion period. With the same binders, TBTF alone provided only 12 months of antifouling protection. The correlation coefficients calculated from the fouling attachment values and the rosin content in the binder showed that the bioactivity of the tested formulations depended on the solubility of the toxicant in sea water and on the composition and solubility of the binders. 相似文献
85.
Transport problems typically involve at least two types of constraints, on income and on time. Therefore, the indirect utility
function depends either on the income available after having subtracted the cost of the discrete alternative and on the free
time left after having worked and travelled by each competing option. In the typical linear-in-the-attributes and in-the-parameters
specification, that represents the first grade approximation of the indirect utility function, the effect of income and time
constraints cancel out and only the cost and time of the alternatives matter in the comparison between them. From a microeconomic
point of view this is equivalent to assume that income and time effects could be disregarded; which is not always the case.
To account for these effects the utility function should include second order attributes; however, in non-linear utility functions
it may not be easy to distinguish among several effects that could be relevant: direct preferences for good and leisure, and
simple interactions between attributes other than income and time effects. This paper analyses these effects from a theoretical
point of view focusing on the possible confounding problem in detecting income and time effects. We use a dataset collected
for a modal choice context and containing both revealed and stated preference data, and estimate several NL models examining
the effect of the different second-order terms on detecting income and time effects. We compared specifications including
square cost and time attributes, interactions between time and cost, cost divided by the income available to be spent on free
time, and time multiplied by free time. Our results confirm the strong effect of direct preferences for goods and leisure
time on choice, and the potential confounding effect between quadratic attributes and other non-linear omitted terms. Finally,
we also found that care should be taken in highlighting income and time effects using mixed data sources, since confounding
effects can occur when non-linearities are accounted for in both data sets. 相似文献
86.
Eva M. Valero Juan L. Nieves Sérgio M. C. Nascimento Kinjiro Amano David H. Foster 《Color research and application》2007,32(5):352-360
Many spectral‐recovery methods using RGB digital cameras assume the underlying smoothness of illuminant and reflectance spectra, and apply low‐dimensional linear models. The aim of the present work was to test whether a direct‐mapping method could be used instead of a linear‐models approach to recover spectral radiances and reflectances from natural scenes with an RGB digital camera and colored filters. In computer simulations, a conventional RGB digital camera with up to three colored filters was used to image scenes drawn from a hyperspectral image database. Three measures were used to evaluate recovery with the direct‐mapping method: goodness‐of‐fit, root‐mean‐square error, and a color‐difference metric. It was found that with two and three filters both spectral radiances and reflectances could be recovered sufficiently accurately for many practical applications. With little increase in computational complexity, an RGB camera and a few colored filters can provide significantly better recovery of natural scenes than an RGB camera alone. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 352–360, 2007 相似文献
87.
本文指出了中餐企业形象建设存在的问题和不足,提出中餐企业可通过树立科学的发展观和正确的经营观念,积极导入CI系统建立个性化的鲜明的企业形象,重点论述了理念识别、行为识别、视觉识别、听觉识别、味觉识别等中餐企业特有的五大识别系统的策划、设计的原则和有效途径。 相似文献
88.
89.
Michael Fox Richard Hastings Scott Lovald Juan Heinrich 《Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention》2007,7(3):165-174
A failure analysis case study is presented for a two-piece aerosol containing tetrafluoroethane, commonly referred to as Refrigerant
134a. A gentleman was preparing to recharge the air conditioning system of an automobile when the bottom exploded off the
aerosol container, propelling the body of the aerosol container like a rocket, which hit the man in the eye and blinded him
in that eye. The aerosol was never connected to the air conditioner, therefore backpressure from the air conditioner (AC)
compressor was ruled out as a cause for the explosion. The objective of the study was to determine why the aerosol exploded.
Several recently developed test methods were used, including two types of heat-to-burst tests and a puncture chamber to measure
the pressure-versus-temperature behavior of aerosols. More common test methods were also used, such as water bath pressure
tests, hydro pressure burst tests, pneumatic pressure burst tests, hardness measurements, weight measurements, metallography,
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and an accident scenario recreation. A semi-empirical
correlation between the hardness and weights of the container bottoms was used to determine the explosion temperature and/or
pressure. This semi-empirical correlation agrees in principle with an analysis of the explosion pressures using finite-element
analysis (FEA). The root cause for the explosion was determined to be a lack of strength of the bottom of the two-piece aerosol
coupled with heating the aerosol to temperatures significantly above room temperature. 相似文献
90.