Relation between Electrical Mobility,Mass, and Size for Nanodrops 1–6.5 nm in Diameter in Air

A large number of data on mobility and mass have been newly obtained or reanalyzed for clusters of a diversity of materials, with the aim of determining the relation between electrical mobility (Z) and mass diameter d _m = (6m/ π ρ ) ^1/3 (m is the particle mass and ρ the bulk density of the material forming the cluster) for nanoparticles with d _m ranging from 1 nm to 6.5 nm. The clusters were generated by electrospraying solutions of ionic liquids, tetra-alkyl ammonium salts, cyclodextrin, bradykinin, etc., in acetonitrile, ethanol, water, or formamide. Their electrical mobilities Z in air were measured directly by a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) of high resolution. Their masses m were determined either directly via mass spectrometry, or assigned indirectly by first distinguishing singly (z = 1) and doubly (z = 2) charged clusters, and then identifying monomers, dimers, … n-mers, etc., from their ordering in the mobility spectrum. Provided that d _m > 1.3 nm, data of the form d _m vs. [z(1+m _g /m) ^1/2 /Z)] ^1/2 fall in a single curve for nanodrops of ionic liquids (ILs) for which ρ is known (m _g is the mass of the molecules of suspending gas). Using an effective particle diameter d _p = d _m + d _g and a gas molecule diameter d _g = 0.300 nm, this curve is also in excellent agreement with the Stokes-Millikan law for spheres. Particles of solid materials fit similarly well the same Stokes-Millikan law when their (unknown) bulk density is assigned appropriately.     

Ultrasound-modulated optical tomography of biological tissue by use of contrast of laser speckles

Ultrasound-modulated optical tomography based on the measurement of laser-speckle contrast was investigated. An ultrasonic beam was focused into a biological-tissue sample to modulate the laser light passing through the ultrasonic column inside the tissue. The contrast of the speckle pattern formed by the transmitted light was found to depend on the ultrasonic modulation and could be used for imaging. Variation in the speckle contrast reflected optical inhomogeneity in the tissue. With this technique, two-dimensional images of biological-tissue samples of as much as 25 mm thick were successfully obtained with a low-power laser. The technique was experimentally compared with speckle-contrast-based, purely optical imaging and with parallel-detection imaging techniques, and the advantages over each were demonstrated.     

Starting low but ending high: A reversal of the anchoring effect in auctions.

Counter to the "start high, end high" effect of anchors in individual judgments and dyadic negotiations, 6 studies using a diverse set of methodologies document how and why, in the social setting of auctions, lower starting prices result in higher final prices. Three processes contribute to this effect. First, lower starting prices reduce barriers to entry, which increase traffic and generate higher final prices. Second, lower starting prices entice bidders to invest time and energy (creating sunk costs) and, consequently, escalate their commitments. Third, the traffic generated by lower starting prices can lead bidders to infer value in the item, thereby explaining previous findings that traffic begets more traffic. The authors show that barriers to entry that limit traffic (e.g., a misspelled brand name) lead to anchoring's normal assimilative effect rather than its reversal. By broadening the understanding of anchors to extended social interactions and open markets, the authors identify when and why starting prices anchor. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

粒子群优化算法的发展与展望

对粒子群优化算法的产生背景、基本算法、改进算法、研究热点及应用领域作了简要的综述,并对其发展方向作了展望。     

Ozonation of 2-Chlorophenol in Aqueous Solutions with a Packed Contactor

The dissolution of ozone and the decomposition of 2-chlorophenol were noticeably enhanced for experiments conducted in the fixed packed contactor than those conducted in a bubble column. The rate of ozone transfer was increased with the increasing amount of Pall rings contained in the packed contactor and the decreasing gas/liquid ratio (G/L) because the gas–liquid interface may be renewed effectively. The decomposition of 2-chlorophenol by ozonation was found to be faster for experiments conducted in alkaline solutions while the decomposition of total organic carbon only slightly enhanced. However, the decomposition of total organic carbon only slightly increased for experiments conducted in alkaline solutions.     

Symmetries, Group Actions, and Entanglement

We address several problems concerning the geometry of the space of Hermitian operators on a finite-dimensional Hilbert space, in particular the geometry of the space of density states and canonical group actions on it. For quantum composite systems we discuss and give examples of entanglement measures.     

A Distributed Geotechnical Information Management and Exchange Architecture

Web services can help facilitate the exchange and utilization of geotechnical information. Such data is of critical interest to a growing number of municipal, state, and federal agencies as well as private enterprises. However, the lack of service infrastructures among heterogeneous data sources operating under different administrative controllers hampers the full use of geotechnical information. This article describes a Web-services-based way to manage geotechnical data via XML.     

Anomalous Pr Ordering and Structural Analysis for Oxygenated Tetragonal 1212 Compound Pr1.5Ba1.5Cu3O7.2

Magnetic measurement and powder X-ray Rietveld analysis are performed on oxygenated Pr _1.5 Ba _1.5 Cu ₃ O _7.2 cuprate. This tetragonal compound with lattice parameters a = 0.38916 nm and c = 1.16177 nm is found to form the TlBa ₂ CaCu ₂ O ₇ 1212-type structure when written as Cu[Ba _1.5 Pr _0.5 ]PrCu ₂ O _7.2. Low temperature magnetic data indicate that anomalous Pr order temperature T _N (Pr) decreases from 18 K for orthorhombic PrBa ₂ Cu ₃ O _6.9 to 10.5 K for Pr _1.5 Ba _1.5 Cu ₃ O _7.2. The increasing Pr-O bond length with decreasing T _N indicates that Pr ordering is closely correlated with the wave function overlap between Pr-4f orbital and O-2p orbital in the CuO ₂ bi-layers.