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111.
Molybdenum and tungsten are found in biological systems in a mononuclear form in the active site of a diverse group of enzymes that generally catalyze oxygen-atom-transfer reactions. The metal atom (Mo or W) is coordinated to one or two pyranopterin molecules and to a variable number of ligands such as oxygen (oxo, hydroxo, water, serine, aspartic acid), sulfur (cysteines), and selenium (selenocysteines) atoms. In addition, these proteins contain redox cofactors such as iron-sulfur clusters and heme groups. All of these metal cofactors are along an electron-transfer pathway that mediates the electron exchange between substrate and an external electron acceptor (for oxidative reactions) or donor (for reductive reactions). We describe in this Account a combination of structural and electronic paramagnetic resonance studies that were used to reveal distinct aspects of these enzymes. 相似文献
112.
Silva AP Guimarães DE Mizurini DM Maia IC Ortiz-Costa S Sardinha FL do Carmo MG 《Lipids》2006,41(6):535-541
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of four isoenergetic diets of differing fat composition on blood lipid
profile and adiposity in young rats. Diets containing different lipid sources—partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (PHVO),
palm oil (PO), canola oil (CO), and soy oil (SO)—were fed to lactating rats during the 21 days of lactation, and then fed
to young males following weaning until the 45th, day of life. In vivo lipogenesis rate (LR), lipid content (LC), relative level of FA, and the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) enzyme were
measured in epididymal adipose tissue (EPI). Fasting blood lipoproteins and LC in the carcass were also appraised. Body weight
of PO and PHVO groups was significantly higher than CO and SO groups from day 14 of lactation to day 45, despite the lower
food intake in the PHVO group. PO and PHVO groups presented higher LR and LC in EPI than SO and CO groups. Carcass fat content
was significantly higher in PHVO and PO groups than in CO and SO groups. The LPL activity in EPI was unaffected by dietary
lipids. PHVO group had increased total cholesterol and TAG concentrations in comparison with the PO group, and significantly
lower HDL level compared with the other groups. These results show that the kind of FA in the dietary lipid offered early
in life can affect lipid metabolism and adiposity. 相似文献
113.
Manrique G Vitta AC Ferreira RA Zani CL Unelius CR Lazzari CR Diotaiuti L Lorenzo MG 《Journal of chemical ecology》2006,32(9):2035-2052
Compounds from the metasternal and Brindley's glands of the blood-sucking bug, Triatoma infestans, were identified by solid phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Volatile compounds released by adult bugs during copulation or after mechanical disturbance were also characterized. Six compounds were identified and found consistently in all samples from metasternal glands. The most abundant were 3-pentanone, 2-methylbutanol, 3-pentanol, and an unidentified compound. The metasternal gland blends did not differ qualitatively between sexes. Compounds found in Brindley's glands were short chain acids, alcohols, esters, and a ketone with no qualitative differences between sexes. Isobutyric acid was the main component of this blend, and two new confirmed compounds were described as products of these glands: 2-butanone and 2-methylbutyric acid. 3-Pentanone was collected from the headspace over 33% of the copulating pairs of T. infestans. Volatiles found in the headspace of disturbed T. infestans adults included short-chain fatty acids, alcohols, esters, and ketones, with no qualitative differences between sexes. Both types of glands apparently discharge their contents after disturbance. However, most of the volatiles released by bugs after disturbance came from Brindley's glands. The locomotor activity of fourth instars increased significantly after stimulation with the odors emitted by disturbed adults, as compared with larvae stimulated by the odor of undisturbed adults or by clean air. We also studied the directional behavioral response of fifth instars to the disturbance scent in a locomotion compensator. Larvae exposed to volatiles released by disturbed adults walked away from the direction of the odor. The results suggest that this blend or part of it functions as an alarm pheromone for T. infestans. We suggest that the metasternal glands of this species are involved both in the sexual and the alarm contexts, and that the Brindley's glands probably have both alarm and defensive roles. 相似文献
114.
Martin JW Barri T Han X Fedorak PM El-Din MG Perez L Scott AC Jiang JT 《Environmental science & technology》2010,44(21):8350-8356
Ozonation can degrade toxic naphthenic acids (NAs) in oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), but even after extensive treatment a residual NA fraction remains. Here we hypothesized that mild ozonation would selectively oxidize the most biopersistent NA fraction, thereby accelerating subsequent NA biodegradation and toxicity removal by indigenous microbes. OSPW was ozonated to achieve approximately 50% and 75% NA degradation, and the major ozonation byproducts included oxidized NAs (i.e., hydroxy- or keto-NAs). However, oxidized NAs are already present in untreated OSPW and were shown to be formed during the microbial biodegradation of NAs. Ozonation alone did not affect OSPW toxicity, based on Microtox; however, there was a significant acceleration of toxicity removal in ozonated OSPW following inoculation with native microbes. Furthermore, all residual NAs biodegraded significantly faster in ozonated OSPW. The opposite trend was found for ozonated commercial NAs, which are known to contain no significant biopersistent fraction. Thus, we suggest that ozonation preferentially degraded the most biopersistent OSPW NA fraction, and that ozonation is complementary to the biodegradation capacity of microbial populations in OSPW. The toxicity of ozonated OSPW to higher organisms needs to be assessed, but there is promise that this technique could be applied to accelerate the bioremediation of large volumes of OSPW in Northern Alberta, Canada. 相似文献
115.
Storage and behavior of As, Sb, Pb, and Cu in ombrotrophic peat bogs under contrasting water table conditions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Rothwell JJ Taylor KG Chenery SR Cundy AB Evans MG Allott TE 《Environmental science & technology》2010,44(22):8497-8502
Concentration depth profiles and inventories of solid-phase As, Sb, Pb, and Cu were determined in 21?Pb-dated cores from an ombrotrophic peat bog in northwest England. Cores were collected from the peat dome and adjacent to an eroding gully. Down-core distributions of As, Sb, Pb, and Cu in the dome core are almost identical. The water table is close to the dome surface with only short-term draw-down. Under these conditions, As, Sb, Pb, and Cu are immobile, allowing the reconstruction of trends in historical contaminant deposition. The peak in atmospheric deposition of As, Sb, Pb, and Cu (4.59, 2.78, 147, and 26.7 mg m?2 y?1, respectively) occurred during the late 19th century. Stable Pb isotope ratios reveal that Pb deposition during this period was from indigenous and foreign sources. The mean water table is much lower at the gully edge, and there are pronounced interannual fluctuations. These conditions have not affected the integrity of the Pb and Cu records but have caused postdepositional mobilization and redistribution of As and Sb. Cumulative inventories show significant loss of As and Sb at the gully edge site. Long-term water table draw-down in ombrotrophic peat bogs has the potential to alter the geochemistry and fate of previously deposited As and Sb. 相似文献
116.
A glass microdevice has been constructed for the on-line integration of solid-phase extraction (SPE) of DNA and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on a single chip. The chromatography required for SPE in the microfluidic sample preparation device (muSPD) was carried out in a silica bead/sol-gel SPE bed, where the purified DNA was eluted directly into a downstream chamber where conventional thermocycling allowed for PCR amplification of specific DNA target sequences. Through rapid, simple passivation of the PCR chamber with a silanizing reagent, reproducible DNA extraction and amplification was demonstrated from complex biological matrixes in a manner amenable to any research laboratory, using only a syringe pump and a conventional thermocycler. The muSPD allowed for SPE concentration of DNA from 600 nL of blood coupled to subsequent on-chip amplification that yielded a detectable amplicon; this simple device can be applied to a variety of routine genetic analyses without the need for sophisticated instrumentation. In addition, the applicability of these developments to nonconventional thermocycling was demonstrated through the use of noncontact, IR-mediated heating. This was exemplified with the isolation of DNA from an anthrax spore-spiked nasal swab and the subsequent on-chip amplification of target DNA sequences in a total processing time of only 25 min. 相似文献
117.
Silicon (Si) pin diodes can be used for neutron dosimetry by observing the change in forward bias voltage caused by neutron induced displacement damage in the diode junction. Pin diode energy response depends on Si displacement damage KERMA (K(Si)). It is hypothesised that tissue-equivalent (TE) neutron dose could be expressed as a linear combination of K(Si) and foil activation terms. Monte Carlo simulations (MCNP) of parallel monoenergetic neutron beams incident on a cylindrical TE phantom were used to calculate TE dose, K(Si) and Au, Cu and Mn foil activations along the central axis of the phantom. For spectra with neutron energies <100 keV, it is possible to estimate the TE kerma based on silicon damage kerma and Cu or Mn foil measurements. More accurate estimates are possible for spectra where the maximum neutron energy does not exceed 30 keV. 相似文献
118.
Aguor EN Arslan F van de Kolk CW Nederhoff MG Doevendans PA van Echteld CJ Pasterkamp G Strijkers GJ 《Magma (New York, N.Y.)》2012,25(5):369-379
Object
Imaging of myocardial infarct composition is essential to assess efficacy of emerging therapeutics. T 2 * mapping has the potential to image myocardial hemorrhage and fibrosis by virtue of its short T 2 * . We aimed to quantify T 2 * in acute and chronic myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in mice.Materials and methods
I/R-injury was induced in C57BL/6 mice (n?=?9). Sham-operated mice (n?=?8) served as controls. MRI was performed at baseline, and 1, 7 and 28?days after surgery. MRI at 9.4?T consisted of Cine, T 2 * mapping and late-gadolinium-enhancement (LGE). Mice (n?=?6) were histologically assessed for hemorrhage and collagen in the fibrotic scar.Results
Baseline T 2 * values were 17.1?±?2.0?ms. At day 1, LGE displayed a homogeneous infarct enhancement. T 2 * in infarct (12.0?±?1.1?ms) and remote myocardium (13.9?±?0.8?ms) was lower than at baseline. On days 7 and 28, LGE was heterogeneous. T 2 * in the infarct decreased to 7.9?±?0.7 and 6.4?±?0.7?ms, whereas T 2 * values in the remote myocardium were 14.2?±?1.1 and 15.6?±?1.0?ms. Histology revealed deposition of iron and collagen in parallel with decreased T 2 * .Conclusion
T 2 * values are dynamic during infarct development and decrease significantly during scar maturation. In the acute phase, T 2 * values in infarcted myocardium differ significantly from those in the chronic phase. T 2 * mapping was able to confirm the presence of a chronic infarction in cases where LGE was inconclusive. Hence, T 2 * may be used to discriminate between acute and chronic infarctions. 相似文献119.
Kamoun WS Schmugge SJ Kraftchick JP Clemens MG Shin MC 《IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering》2008,55(1):162-170
Intravital microscopy has been used to visualize the microcirculation by imaging fluorescent labeled red blood cells (RBCs). Traditionally, microcirculation has been modeled by computing the mean velocity of a few, randomly selected, manually tracked RBCs. However, this protocol is tedious, time consuming, and subjective with technician related bias. We present a new method for analyzing the microcirculation by modeling the RBC motion through automatic tracking. The tracking of RBCs is challenging as in each image, as many as 200 cells move through a complex network of vessels at a wide range of speeds while deforming in shape. To reliably detect RBCs traveling at a wide range of speeds, a window of temporal template matching is applied. Then, cells appearing in successive frames are corresponded based on the motion behavior constraints in terms of the direction, magnitude, and path. The performance evaluation against a ground truth indicates the detection accuracy up to 84% TP at 6% FP and a correspondence accuracy of 89%. We include an in-depth discussion on comparison of the microcirculation based on motion modeling from the proposed automated method against a mean velocity from manual analysis protocol in terms of precision, objectivity, and sensitivity. 相似文献
120.
Steers were offered grass silage ad libitum and 6.4 kg concentrates daily for 126 days or silage ad libitum for 35 days, followed by concentrates ad libitum (Experiment 1). Steers were offered grass silage ad libitum and 6 kg concentrates daily for 154 days, concentrates ad libitum or grass silage ad libitum for 112 days followed by concentrates ad libitum (Experiment 2). All treatments received the same total concentrate allowance. In Experiment 1, there was no difference in any measurement of meat quality. In Experiment 2, ad libitum concentrate feeding per se, decreased redness and increased shear force of muscle at 2 days post-mortem. Delaying concentrate feeding decreased fat yellowness, decreased shear force at 7 and 14 days post-mortem and increased muscle redness at 14 days post-mortem. Modifications of the beef production system examined had minor effects on beef quality which are unlikely to be of commercial significance. 相似文献