Refractive index and extinction coefficient determination of an absorbing thin film by using the continuous wavelet transform method

We present the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) method for determining the dispersion curves of the refractive index and extinction coefficient of absorbing thin films by using the transmittance spectrum in the visible and near infrared regions at room temperature. The CWT method is performed on the transmittance spectrum of an a - Si(1-x)C(x):H film, and the refractive index and extinction coefficient of the film are continuously determined and compared with the results of the envelope and fringe counting methods. Also the noise filter property of the method is depicted on a theoretically generated noisy signal. Finally, the error analyses of the CWT, envelope, and fringe counting methods are performed.     

An investigation of mechanical and metallurgical properties of explosive welded aluminum-dual phase steel

The aim of this paper is investigation of microstructure and property relationship in aluminum-HSLA steel and aluminum-dual phase steel bimetals fabricated by explosive welding technique. Dual phase steel was produced by intercritical annealing and water quenching from 1.45Mn-0.2Si-0.186C HSLA steel. Hardness, tensile shear strength, tensile strength, toughness and microstructure of explosively welded aluminum-HSLA steel and aluminum-dual phase steel were evaluated. Both bimetals have a straight bonding interface. It was also seen that plastic deformation of dual phase steel was higher than HSLA steel near interfaces of bimetals. The hardness was increased near the bond interface of bimetals. Tensile and tensile shear strength tests showed that aluminum-dual phase steel is superior than aluminum-HSLA steel. Also, impact toughness of aluminum-dual phase steel was found significantly higher than that of aluminum-HSLA steel.     

Biosorption of aluminum on Pseudomonas aeruginosa loaded on Chromosorb 106 prior to its graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric determination

A biosorption procedure for separation-enrichment of aluminum in environmental samples has been presented in this work. Pseudomonas aeruginosa loaded on Chromosorb 106 has been used as biosorbent for that purpose. P. aeruginosa is a gram-negative, aerobic rod. The influences of pH of the aqueous solution, eluent type, eluent volume, sample volume, etc. were examined on the quantitative recovery of aluminum in P. aeruginosa loaded on Chromosorb 106. The effects of concomitant ions on the recoveries of aluminum were also investigated. The detection limit based on 3 sigma for aluminum is 30 ng L(-1). Three certified reference materials (LGC 6010 Hard Drinking Water, NIST-SRM 1568a Rice Flour and NRCC-DORM-2 Dogfish Muscle) were analyzed for the validation of the presented procedure. The proposed procedure was applied to the determination of aluminum in environmental samples including natural water and food samples. The concentration of aluminum in real samples was found at ppb level.     

Flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of trace amounts of heavy metal ions after solid phase extraction using modified sodium dodecyl sulfate coated on alumina

A sensitive and selective solid phase extraction procedure for the determination of traces of Cu(II), Zn(II), Pb(II) and Fe(III) has been developed. An alumina-sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) coated on with meso-phenyl bis(indolyl) methane (MPBIM) was used for preconcentration and determination of Cu(II), Zn(II), Pb(II) and Fe(III) ions by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The analyte ions were adsorbed quantitatively on adsorbent due to their complexation with MPBIM. Adsorbed metals were quantitatively eluted using 6 mL of 4 mol L⁻¹ nitric acid. The effects of parameters such as pH, amount of alumina, amount of MBITP, flow rate, type and concentration of eluting agent were examined. The effects of interfering ions on the separation-preconcentration of analytes were also investigated. The relative standard deviation of the method was found to be less than 3.0%. The presented procedure was successfully applied for determination of analytes in real samples.     

Gadolinium hydroxide coprecipitation system for the separation-preconcentration of some heavy metals

A simple and new procedure for the determination of trace amounts of lead(II), cobalt(II), manganese(II) and copper(II) is described, that combines atomic absorption spectrometry-gadolinium hydroxide coprecipitation. One milliliter of 1% gadolinium(III) solution was added to each sample; the pH was then adjusted to 11 in order to collect trace heavy metals on gadolinium(III) hydroxide. The precipitate was separated by centrifugation and dissolved in 1 mL of 1 mol L(-1) HNO3. The influences of analytical parameters including amount of gadolinium(III), sample volume, etc. were investigated on the recoveries of analyte ions. The effects of concomitant ions were also examined. The recoveries of the analyte ions were greater than 95. The detection limits for the analyte elements based on 3 sigma (n=20) were in the range of 0.52-12.0 microg L(-1). The method was applied to the determination of analytes in real samples and good results were obtained (relative standard deviations <10%, recoveries >95%).     

Chromium (III) removal by weak acid exchanger Amberlite IRC-50 (Na)

Chromium (III) sorption on a weakly macroporous cation exchanger Amberlite IRC-50 (Na) is studied as a function of time and temperature. The rate constant values for chromium (III) sorption are calculated both for film and particle diffusion processes. The temperature is found to have a positive effect on both the diffusional processes. The high values of energy of activation confirm the particle diffusional nature of the process. The pH changes in the system show a competition between the Cr(OH)(2+) and H(+) ions for the exchange sites of the adsorbent. Equilibrium data are explained with the help of Langmuir equation. Various thermodynamic parameters (DeltaH degrees , DeltaS degrees and DeltaG degrees) from chromium (III) exchange on the resin are calculated.     

Sorption characteristics of Cu(II) ions onto silica gel-immobilized calix[4]arene polymer in aqueous solutions: batch and column studies

In the present study, Cu(II) removal from aqueous solutions by sorption was investigated. Aminopropyl silica gel-immobilized calix[4]arene polymer (APSIC[4]P) was used in sorption as sorbent. During the experimental part of this study, the effect of parameters, such as pH, initial Cu(II) concentration, temperature on Cu(II) removal was observed. In addition, sorption isotherm studies and column studies were made. Maximum Cu(II) removal was obtained at pH 6 and 25 degrees C. In the isotherm studies, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied and it was determined that the experimental data confirmed to Langmuir isotherm model. Batch sorption capacity (q0) was calculated as 5.08 mg/g. The capacity value for column study was obtained by graphical integration as 1.14 mg/g. The Thomas and the Yoon-Nelson models were applied to experimental data to predict the breakthrough curves and to determine the characteristics parameters of the column useful for process design.     

Role of Composite Phase Change Material on the Thermal Performance of a Latent Heat Storage System: Experimental Investigation

复合相变材料对潜热储能系统中热性能作用的实验研究

Jasim Abdulateef¹, Ahmed F. Hasan^2*,Mustafa S. Mahdi²

（1. 迪亚拉大学 机械工程系,巴古拜 32001,伊拉克;2.迪亚拉大学 化学工程系,巴古拜 32001,伊拉克）

摘要：

石蜡是可用于潜热储能系统单元（LHSU）的理想的相变材料（PCM）。这种潜热储能单元的使用因相变材料导热性差而受到限制。本文采用铝和相变材料制成的金属泡沫生产复合相变材料,以此作为相变材料-潜热储能单元中的导热材料,并使用水作为传热流体（HTF）。通过实验,评估了使用纯相变材料和复合相变材料的潜热储能单元的传热特性。研究包括熔化和凝固过程中相变材料的时变可视化。此外,热存储室内放置一个热电偶网络,记录每个过程的温度分布。结果表明,复合相变材料-潜热储能单元在熔化和凝固过程中均表现出较好的性能。由于金属泡沫的作用,复合相变材料-潜热储能单元的熔化时间比简单的相变材料-潜热储能单元快83%左右,凝固时间减少85%左右。

关键词：相变材料;金属泡沫;潜热;复合相变材料

     

Effects of tool rotation and pin diameter on fatigue properties of friction stir welded lap joints

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the tool pin diameter and tool rotation on the fatigue behaviour of friction stir welded (FSW) lap joints. FSW lap joints of AA 5754 aluminium alloy plates were produced by means of a conventional semiautomatic milling machine. Consequently, defect free FSW lap joints were produced on alloy plates at a constant traverse speed but with different tool pin diameter and tool rotation. Therefore, within this study, tool rotation and the tool pin diameter were accepted as variable parameters, while others held fixed. The results of the tests performed, indicate that an optimisation is required for the studied parameters, in order to obtain reasonable fatigue strength. An index, related to tool rotation, traverse speed, pin diameter, and pin height can be identified and used to select optimum parameters for FSW applications.     

Prediction of Lateral Effective Stresses in Sand using Artificial Neural Network

Predicting the lateral effective stress and the coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest values is an important task in geotechnical engineering since it is used in the design and analysis of earth retaining structures, slope stability, piles and pier foundations. It needs sophisticated test procedures. The laboratory and in situ tests are also expensive and time consuming. In this study, an artificial neural network model is developed to predict the σ′_h, lateral effective stress in cohesionless soils. Back propagation neural networks are used for function approximation and model has been trained by Levenberg-Marqurdt (LM) learning algorithm. The data used in the running of network models have been obtained from extensive series of oedometer tests on Kilyos, Ayvalik and Yalikoy sands. Tests were carried out on loose, medium dense and dense state of compactness in normal loading, unloading and reloading conditions. The test results demonstrate that there is a linear relationship between vertical and lateral stresses for normally loaded cohesionless soils under K₀ conditions. K₀ values obtained for the loose state of compactness are higher than for the dense state of compactness. The results of the artificial neural network model indicate that the model serves as simple and reliable tool to predict σ′_h and also K₀ in cohesionless soils. The variation of K₀ values with internal friction angles is obtained and a simple expression is derived from this relationship.