An Initial Inventory and Indexation of Groundwater Mega-Depletion Cases

The state of groundwater systems worldwide is presently not well defined, and in particular there is little context for agencies responsible for managing water resources to evaluate occurrences of groundwater depletion against other cases globally. In this study, an initial inventory of groundwater depletion problems is compiled and ranked to identify the world’s most critical cases, i.e. situations of groundwater mega-depletion. The ranking is based on an indexed approach that considers overdraft, drawdown and subsidence, plus the importance of the resources in terms of population-dependency and rates of extraction. The five most highly ranked depleted aquifers of the world include the shallow aquifers of the Hai River Plain (China), the Altiplano region (Spain), the Mexico Basin (Mexico), the Huang River basin (China) and the California Central Valley (USA). An abridged account of modelling to assess drawdown is described for the Hai River Plain, revealing that despite recharge in the order of 13,000 GL/yr, an overdraft of about 8,000 GL/yr is occurring to support the vast population of the region. This has led to up to 100 m of drawdown in places and reports of subsidence of several metres. The Hai River situation demonstrates that falling water levels may not act to alleviate pumping stresses; a symptom of unchecked extraction and an exemplary illustration of the tragedy of the commons. The causal factors leading to mega-depletion are varying across the globe and each mega-depletion case contains unique elements, although population appears to be an important factor.     

秦巴地区生态分区的初步研究

秦巴地区在我国生态保护中具有重要的战略意义,其生态分区可为生态系统管理和自然资源可持续利用提供科学依据。针对秦巴地区存在的水污染、水土流失和地质灾害等生态环境问题,以该地区的地形特征、植被状况、气候条件和人类活动因子等作为生态分区指标,并采用主成分分析的定量分析方法,建立了指标体系。利用GIS技术中的空间分析和叠加分析技术,将秦巴地区划分成3个一级分区、5个二级分区和11个三级分区。依据分区结果,对各个分区的生态特征及问题进行了分析,提出了生态环境保护建议。     

菌肥及其与氮磷配施对水稻生产及分配的影响

为探讨菌根菌肥单施及其与化肥配施对水稻产量的影响,测定不同施肥方式下水稻光合速率,分析水稻物质分配比例及产量构成因子．结果表明:菌根菌肥单施增大库容的同时改善了光合作用,水稻增产2927％．菌根菌肥与氮肥配施提高了水稻光合速率,加大了籽实的物质分配比例,水稻增产4137％．菌根菌肥与磷肥配施及其与磷肥氮肥配施两种条件下,光合作用显著改善,稻草产量增加,水稻实际产量增幅小．菌根菌肥单施及其与氮肥配施都能有效提高水稻产量,而与磷肥配施及与氮肥磷肥二者配施的促产条件有待进一步探讨．     

施肥模式对收获后稻田CO2释放的影响

为探讨施肥模式对收割后稻田CO2垂直释放特征的影响,利用CIRAS-2便携式光合测定仪对施加氮肥、磷肥和菌肥的水稻土CO2释放速率及其影响因素进行测定,并对二者的相关性进行分析.结果表明:施加氮肥后,收割后稻田0 cm界面土壤CO2的释放速率提高97.73%,10 cm界面和20 cm界面分别降低39.93%和31.36%.施加磷肥后,收割后稻田0 cm界面CO2的释放速率与对照(CK)差异无统计学意义,10 cm界面降低33.84%,20 cm界面提高48.03%.施加菌肥对收割后稻田3个界面CO2的释放速率都无显著影响.收割后稻田CO2释放速率与该界面土壤含水率的相关性受施肥模式的影响,其影响程度随着土层的加深依次减轻.与氮肥和磷肥相比,菌根菌肥对土壤CO2释放影响不显著.     

不同AMF菌剂对白三叶草坪的扶壮作用

为探讨不同丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi,AMF)在白三叶草坪扶壮中的作用,选用摩西球囊霉、根内球囊霉两种广适菌种,分别研究单菌、混菌对白三叶草的促进作用．结果表明:单独施加摩西球囊霉对植物的侵染率最高,达53.84％;白三叶草对混菌的依赖性最强,并且植物地上器官依赖性高于地下;AMF可明显提高白三叶草坪的扶壮率,混菌效果优于单菌,株高、地上及地下生物量的扶壮率可分别增加40.7％、76.6％、35.7％;AMF可有效增强白三叶草对根际土壤中营养物质的吸收能力,水解性氮、有效磷利用率提高51.6％、48％．水解性氮是影响AMF促进白三叶生长的主要限制因子,施加菌剂时,无需补充磷肥,但可补充少量氮肥．     

Synthesis and magnetic properties of CuFe2O4 nanotube arrays

CuFe2O4 nanotube arrays with different outer diameters were synthesized in anodic aluminum oxide templates through sol-gel techniques followed by heating treatment processes. The morphology of the nanotube arrays was investigated by field emission scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscopy, suggesting that the nanotube arrays are ordered and uniform. The X-ray diffraction results indicate that the crystal structure of the nanotube arrays is polycrystalline with a spinel-type structure. The measurements of magnetic properties indicate that CuFe2O4 nanotube arrays with outer diameter of 200 nm exhibit magnetic anisotropy with easy magnetization direction along the axis of nanotubes.     

基于Pro/E的结肠镜机器人的建模与仿真

连续型机器人是一种新型的仿生机器人。以所研制的结肠镜机器人样机为基础,基于Pro/E的运动仿真模块对结肠镜机器人单关节进行运动学分析,完成了万向环间的干涉检验,从而验证结肠镜机器人的结构设计可行。     

Evaluation of water security: an integrated approach applied in Wuhan urban agglomeration, China

To evaluate water security, the Water Resources Sustainability Evaluation Model has been developed. The model employs four criteria (economic development, flood control security, water supply security, and water environment security) and has 22 indicators, integrating them using their relative weights. The model is applied to evaluate the water security of Wuhan urban agglomeration, China. The values of the indicators are normalized using the exponential efficacy functions based on the law of diminishing marginal utility. The evaluation results show that, overall, the state of water security in Wuhan urban agglomeration is good, which is in good agreement with the true situation. The comparison between the results of the model and other three evaluation methods by the Spearman coefficient of rank correlation verifies the science and reliability of the developed model. Consequently, it is concluded that the model can be an effective tool for evaluating the states of water security and provide a basis on which to create policies for improving inadequacies in water security.     

Compound stabilization/solidification of MSWI fly ash with trimercapto-s-triazine and cement

A new treatment technology of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash is presented in this paper. Feasibility of solidification/stabilization treatment of MSWI by successively adding trimercapto-s-triazine and cement, and the effect of addition, fly ash size and curing time were studied by batch tests. The results showed that MSWI posed a huge environmental risk, the partial distribution showed normal distribution approximately. Treatment of fly ash with trimercapto-s-triazine and cement showed a good effect, the leaching toxicity of treated fly ash solidified blocks with 2% trimercapto-s-triazine and 20% cement could meet the standard for pollution control on the landfill site of MSW in China after curing for 7 days, and the flexural strength of solidified blocks could reach 2.4 MPa. Ground fly ash had a positive effect on both leaching toxicity and strength.     

吉沙水电站施工总布置设计

吉沙水电站为长引水式电站,主要由混凝土闸坝、水道系统和地面厂房等组成,根据枢纽布置特点及施工支洞布置方案,结合工程实际情况,并考虑其他因素,施工总布置采用集中与分散相结合的布置方式。经过施工实践检验,设计规划的施工总布置方案满足工程建设的需要。