Refining the calculation procedure for estimating the influence of flashing steam in steam turbine heaters on the increase of rotor rotation frequency during rejection of electric load

A refined procedure for estimating the effect the flashing of condensate in a steam turbine??s regenerative and delivery-water heaters on the increase of rotor rotation frequency during rejection of electric load is presented. The results of calculations carried out according to the proposed procedure as applied to the delivery-water and regenerative heaters of a T-110/120-12.8 turbine are given.     

The cogeneration steam turbine of the T-40/50-8.8 type for the combined cycle power plant PGU-115

This paper describes the design of the steam turbine intended for a single-unit two-shaft combined-cycle plant and its main systems, the heat flow diagram, and turbine plant arrangement. The turbine should operate as part of the combined-cycle power plant that will be constructed on the basis of the modern PG6111FA gas turbine manufactured in the USA.     

Cogeneration turbine unit with a new T-295/335-23.5 steam turbine

The design, schematics, and arrangement of a T-295/335-23.5 turbine and the basic features of a steam-turbine unit (STU) intended for replacement of STUs with a T-250/300-23.5 turbine with the expired service life and installed in large cities, such as Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Minsk, and Kharkov, for heat and power generation are considered. The basic solutions for an automatic electrohydraulic control and protection system using high-pressure (HP) technology are described. As the turbine operates in a power unit together with a supercritical boiler and the design turbine service life of 250000 hours must be attained, turbine component construction materials complying with these requirements are listed.     

On the possibility of using complex values in fuzzy logic for representing inconsistencies

In science and engineering, there are “paradoxical” cases in which we have some arguments in favor of some statement A (so the degree to which A is known to be true is positive (nonzero)), and we have some arguments in favor of its negation ¬A, and we do not have enough information to tell which of these two statements is correct. Traditional fuzzy logic, in which “truth values” are described by numbers from the interval [0, 1], easily describes such “paradoxical” situations: the degree a to which the statement A is true and the degree 1−a to which its negation ¬A is true can both be positive. In this case, if we use traditional fuzzy &-operations (min or product), the “truth value” a&(1−a) of the statement A&¬A is positive, indicating that there is some degree of inconsistency in the initial beliefs. When we try to use fuzzy logic to formalize expert reasoning in the humanities, we encounter the problem that is humanities, in addition to the above-described paradoxical situations caused by the incompleteness of our knowledge, there are also true paradoxes, i.e., statements that are perceived as true and false at the same time. For such statements, A&¬A=“true.” The corresponding equality a&(1−a)=1 is impossible in traditional fuzzy logic (where a&(1−a) is always≤0.5), so, to formalize such true paradoxes, we must extend the set of truth values from the interval [0, 1]. In this paper we show that such an extension can be achieved if we allow truth values to be complex numbers. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.