Formation of Stilbene by Oxidative Coupling of Toluene Over Lead Oxide Modified with Lithium

The oxidative coupling of toluene to bibenzyl and stilbene has been studied over lithium-modified lead oxide under anaerobic conditions. The selectivity for the coupled products can be improved by the addition of lithium metals to lead oxide. In order to understand the effect of the reaction conditions on the selectivity, kinetic studies have also been carried out.     

Fatigue behaviour of a box-welded joint under biaxial cyclic loading: effects of biaxial load range ratio and cyclic compressive loads in the lateral direction

ABSTRACT The biaxial fatigue of a steel plate (JIS SM400B) having a box‐welded (wrap‐around) joint was experimentally studied. Special concerns were focused on the effects of the biaxial load range ratio and compressive cyclic loading in the lateral direction. The direction of fatigue crack propagation under biaxial cyclic tensile loading, which has a phase difference of π, changed according to the biaxial load range ratio, R_xy = ΔP_x/ΔP_y. When R_xy was less than 0.56, fatigue cracks propagated along the toe of the weld in the x‐direction because the principal tensile stress range Δσ_y at that location exceeded the orthogonal value Δσ_x at the box‐weld toe. The fatigue lives in biaxial tests related well to the data from uniaxial tests when invoking the Δσ₅ criterion. However, the location and direction of Δσ₅ should be chosen according to the R_xy value and the failure crack direction. An increase in Δσ₅, as induced by the Poisson's ratio effect from either the out‐of‐phase tensile loading or the in‐phase compressive loading in the y‐direction, leads to an increase in fatigue damage (decrease in fatigue resistance or specifically a faster crack propagation rate), and this effect can be successfully estimated from uniaxial fatigue test data.     

An Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Composite as a Coating Agent

An organic–inorganic hybrid composite for use as a coating agent was prepared by mixing linseed oil with hydrophobic octylsilyl titanium dioxide particles having an average diameter of 35 nm (OSI-TIO2-35) in volatile silicone. The weight ratio of linseed oil with OSI-TIO2-35 was varied from 2:8 to 8:2 and the mixture was spread on a glass plate by dragging an applicator across it. After storing in the oven at 60 °C for 2 days, the composite having the weight ratio of OSI-TIO2-35 with linseed oil at 8:2 exhibited very high water-repellent properties having a water contact angle of 148°. Variation of the water contact angle during storage at 60 °C was monitored. It decreased by 10° in the initial 8 h and then increased by 45° over the next 2 days. Composites containing silicone resin, TMSS BY11-018, instead of linseed oil were also prepared. The sample having a weight ratio of OSI-TIO2-35 with TMSS BY11-018 at 8:2 also exhibited very high water-repellent properties with a water contact angle of 152°. The highly hydrophobic surface thus prepared by the coating and drying of those organic-inorganic hybrid composites was easily transferred to highly hydrophilic surfaces by calcination at 500 °C for 3 h.     

A multi‐emitter fitting algorithm for potential live cell super‐resolution imaging over a wide range of molecular densities

Multi‐emitter fitting algorithms have been developed to improve the temporal resolution of single‐molecule switching nanoscopy, but the molecular density range they can analyse is narrow and the computation required is intensive, significantly limiting their practical application. Here, we propose a computationally fast method, wedged template matching (WTM), an algorithm that uses a template matching technique to localise molecules at any overlapping molecular density from sparse to ultrahigh density with subdiffraction resolution. WTM achieves the localization of overlapping molecules at densities up to 600 molecules μm^–2 with a high detection sensitivity and fast computational speed. WTM also shows localization precision comparable with that of DAOSTORM (an algorithm for high‐density super‐resolution microscopy), at densities up to 20 molecules μm^–2, and better than DAOSTORM at higher molecular densities. The application of WTM to a high‐density biological sample image demonstrated that it resolved protein dynamics from live cell images with subdiffraction resolution and a temporal resolution of several hundred milliseconds or less through a significant reduction in the number of camera images required for a high‐density reconstruction. WTM algorithm is a computationally fast, multi‐emitter fitting algorithm that can analyse over a wide range of molecular densities. The algorithm is available through the website. https://doi.org/10.17632/bf3z6xpn5j.1     

High Density Plasma Heating by EC-Waves Injected from the High-Field Side for Mode Conversion to Electron Bernstein Waves in LHD

To realize an excitation of electron Bernstein waves (EBW) via mode conversion from X-mode waves injected from the high magnetic field side (HFS), new inner-vessel mirrors were installed close to a helical coil in the large helical device (LHD). 77 GHz electron cyclotron (EC) wave beams injected from an existing EC-wave injection system toward the new mirror are reflected on the mirror so that the beams are injected to plasmas from HFS. Evident increases in the electron temperature at the plasma core region and the plasma stored energy were observed by the HFS beam injection to the plasmas with the line-average electron density of 7.5×10 19 m 3 , which is slightly higher than the plasma cut-off density of 77 GHz EC-waves, 7.35×10 19 m 3 . The heating efficiency evaluated from the changes in the time derivative of the plasma stored energy reached ～70%. Although so far it is not clear which is the main cause of the heating effect, the mode-converted EBW or the X-mode wave itself injected from the HFS, an effective heating of high-density plasma over the plasma cut-off of EC-wave was successfully demonstrated.     

Multilayer polarization elements and their applications to polarimetric studies in vacuum ultraviolet and soft X-ray regions

Multilayer polarization elements and their applications to polarimetric studies in 20～400 eV region are mainly reviewed.General principle of selecting material combinations to get high linear polarizance multilayers of reflection type is given with practical examples,with periodic or non-periodic layer structures depending on the usage.Transmission type is introduced as linear polarizer and phase shifter.Their applications include polarization diagnosis of laboratory optical systems and synchrotron radiation beamlines of linear and circular polarization,magnetic rotation experiments such as Faraday rotation and magnetic Kerr rotation on magnetic films and multilayers,and ellipsometry to measure optical constants of thin films precisely.Polarization analysis of soft X-ray fluorescence using multilayer-coated grating is also mentioned.Finally this review is summarized with outlook of further developments.     

Assembly and activation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. Specific interaction of the N-terminal Src homology 3 domain of p47phox with p22phox is required for activation of the NADPH oxidase

The phagocyte NADPH oxidase is activated during phagocytosis to produce superoxide, a precursor of microbicidal oxidants. The activation involves assembly of membrane-integrated cytochrome b558 comprising gp91(phox) and p22(phox), two specialized cytosolic proteins (p47(phox) and p67(phox)), each containing two Src homology 3 (SH3) domains, and the small G protein Rac. In the present study, we show that the N-terminal SH3 domain of p47(phox) binds to the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of p22(phox) with high affinity (KD = 0.34 microM). The binding is specific to this domain among several SH3 domains including the C-terminal one of p47(phox) and the two of p67(phox) and requires the Pro156-containing proline-rich sequence but not other putative SH3 domain-binding sites of p22(phox). Replacement of Trp193 by Arg in the N-terminal SH3 domain completely abrogates the association with p22(phox). A mutant p47(phox) with this substitution is incapable of supporting superoxide production under cell-free activation conditions. These findings provide direct evidence that the interaction between the N-terminal SH3 domain of p47(phox) and the proline-rich region of p22(phox) is essential for activation of the NADPH oxidase.     

Melting Behavior of Gels Prepared from Isolated Subunits of Collagen

Acid-soluble collagen (ASC) was prepared from fresh pigskin corium, and denatured under mild conditions to obtain a mixture of parent gelatins. The mixture was precipitated with ammonium sulfate and preliminarily fractionated into four fractions by step-wise redissolution in ammonium sulfate solutions of decreasing concentration. From these fractions, substantially pure α1, α2, β₁₁, and β₁₂ peptide chains could be obtained by CM-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of the melting process of these peptide gels demonstrated that the thermal stability of α2-gel was very much lower than that of α1-gel.     

氦对低活性Fe-Cr-Mn(W,V)合金辐照损伤影响

采用低能离子加速器和超高压电镜相连接复合辐照装置,研究注入He后经电子束辐照,观察低放射性Fe-Cr-Mn（W,V）合金的辐照损伤特征;研究He对辐照过程中产生二次缺陷,空洞肿胀,诱起晶界偏析的影响。实验结果证明He的存在,增加辐照初期位错密度,促进空洞核心形成及空洞肿胀增加,抑制晶界近旁溶质元素偏析。