Mild oxidation of two low-rank mature coals by alkaline nitrobenzene

Two low-rank mature coals have been oxidized with alkaline nitrobenzene. Soluble phenolic aldehydes and ketones were obtained, similar to those formed from lignites and separable by the same scheme of extraction.     

SUPERCRITICAL EXTRACTION OF ISRAELI MISHOR ROTEM OIL SHALE 1. BATCH EXTRACTION WITH TOLUENE

Recovery of organic material from Israeli Mishor Rotem oil shale with toluene under supercritical conditions was investigated. The rate of solubilization, change of structural aspects and molecular weights of solubilized products with time were investigated. Experiments to recover organic material from shale were performed in a stainless steel high pressure autoclave. Shale Sample was charged in a sintered glass crucible suspended from the cap of the autoclave; toluene was the solvent in all experiments. Solvent/shale ratio was 20; experimental temperature was 34O^°C. The gaseous products were analyzed by gas chromatography. Molecular weights of the organic material recovered was measured by gel permeation chromatography technique. FTIR spectra of the organic material recovered and fractions isolated by extractive and chromatographical methods were measured. The amount of kerogen remaining in the spent shale was determined by oxidative derivative thermal gravimetry. A steady state in the production of solubles was reached within 60 minutes at 340^°C with a yield of 60 percent. After this time no further amounts of organic material was recovered. The molecular weights of the recovered organic material decreased at extended times after the steady state was reached. It appeared that the structure of the organic material recovered remained unchanged until the steady state condition is reached whereupon some structural changes occurred. At extended times the organic material was converted into more aromatic and less hydroxyl containing structures of lower molecular weight. The organic material recovered upon reaching steady state was fractionated into 63 percent oils (pentane solubles) and 32 percent asphaltenes (toluene solubles). The oile contained aliphatics and monoaromatic structures and the asphaltenes contained polyaromatic polar structures. Gases which constituted 4 percent of the initial kerogen were produced during the heating period to 340^°C. The amount of carbon monoxide produced remained constant and amounts of hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane decreased after supercritical conditions were attained.     

聚（3，4-乙撑二氧噻吩）:聚苯乙烯磺酸阳极缓冲材料的改性研究

聚（3,4-乙撑二氧噻吩）:聚苯乙烯磺酸（PEDOT:PSS）是导电聚合物领域的明星分子,具备可见光透过率高、易低温溶液加工且廉价等优点,常作为标准阳极缓冲材料（ABM）广泛应用于叠层有机光电器件领域中。然而,随着半导体材料和器件结构的飞速发展,对ABM提出了更高要求,当前PEDOT:PSS的性质参数无法很好满足新一代有机光电器件的需要（如电导率较低、功函数较小、酸性较强和亲水性较强等）,成为制约有机光电器件性能提升的重要瓶颈。改变导电聚合物的结构可有效优化其性质参数、大幅提升有机光电器件性能,备受关注。本文首先详细阐述PEDOT:PSS的结构特征（包括溶液和固体两种状态的结构特征）,揭示PEDOT:PSS的结构与性质的关系,然后综述外加剂和新型掺杂剂（PSS替代物）改变PEDOT导电聚合物结构和性质的改性研究进展,最后展望PEDOT:PSS ABM领域的改性研究发展趋势。     

Micro-nano structured VNb9O25 anode with superior electronic conductivity for high-rate and long-life lithium storage

The oxygen vacancies and micro-nano structure can optimize the electron/Li+migration kinetics in anode materials for lithium batteries(LIBs).Here,porous micro-nano structured VNb9O25 composites with rich oxygen vacancies were reasonably prepared via a facile solvothermal method combined with annealing treatment at 800℃for 30 h(VNb9 O25-30 h).This micro-nano structure can enhance the contact of active material/electrolyte,and shorten the Li+diffusion distance.The introduction of oxygen vacancies can further boosts the intrinsic conductivity of VNb9O25-30 h for achieving excellent LIB performance.The as-prepared VNb9O25-30 h anode showed advanced rate capability with reversible capacity of 122.2 mA h g-1 at 4 A g-1,and delivered excellent capacity retention of～100％after 2000 cycles.Meanwhile,VNb9O25-30 h provides unexpected long-cycle life(i.e.,reversible capacity of 165.7 mA h g-1 at 1 A g-1 with a high capacity retention of 85.6％even after 8000 cycles).Additionally,coupled with the LiFePO4 cathode,the LiFePO4//VNb9O25-30 h full cell delivers superior LIB properties with high reversible capacities of 91.6 mA h g-1 at 5C for 1000 cycles.Thus,such reasonable construction method can assist in other high-performance niobium-based oxides in LIBs.     

适用于高压大容量工况的新型并联有源滤波器

提出一种基于谐波磁通补偿原理的新型并联型高压大容量有源电力滤波器.通过对带气隙的线性并联变压器的电压方程分析可知,当满足谐波磁通补偿条件时,可使变压器支路在有源滤波器投入后对谐波呈近似为0的低阻抗、对基波呈高阻抗,从而疏导电力系统中的谐波电流.新滤波器的谐波电流检测位置位于并联变压器支路上,检测电流与反馈电流共铁心.并联变压器的二次侧采用多个补偿绕组的结构以解决有源滤波器的大容量问题.仿真和实验结果证明了该方案可以取得良好的滤波效果.     

轴向运动导电薄板的磁弹性振动

针对磁场环境中轴向运动导电薄板的磁弹性振动问题进行研究。在给出薄板运动的动能、应变能以及电磁力虚功表达式的基础上,应用哈密顿变分原理,推得磁场中轴向运动矩形薄板的磁弹性振动方程。基于麦克斯威尔电磁场方程并考虑相应的电磁关系式,得到薄板所受电磁力的表达式。针对横向磁场中矩形板的自由振动问题,通过位移函数的设定并应用伽辽金积分法,得到三种边界约束条件下轴向运动薄板的磁弹性振动微分方程。通过数值算例,给出了不同边界条件下矩形板的磁弹性振动特性曲线图,分析了轴向运动速度和磁感应强度等参量对薄板固有振动频率的影响,讨论了临界速度的变化规律。     

Can crisis management teams mitigate COVID-19's effects? A comparative case study between China and the United States

The COVID-19 pandemic has been the world's greatest challenge since World War II. As an unprecedented global public health crisis, crisis management teams (CMTs) in the infected countries need to rethink to cope with the similar uncertainty and urgency of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The shared context of COVID-19 allows us to explore a cross-nation study of different constructs and CMT to communicate information about crises with the public effectively. Since the pandemic affected all countries, the comparison is warranted. Can CMTs mitigate the effects of COVID-19? Based on the analysis of China and the US cases, our study explores how shared and common knowledge cognition among crisis responders plays a pivotal role in effective CMTs' communication while technological failures and inadequate information disrupt the system, worsening pandemics like COVID-19. Furthermore, organizational dysfunction, such as institutional fragmentation, regulatory hurdles and bureaucratic arrogance, impede effective communication between CMTs. However, effective coordination and decisive leadership could improve coordination effectiveness and reduce crisis costs.     

基于多径信道能量随机动态打散的隐蔽无线通信方案

为应对无线通信中的未知非法检测威胁，该文提出一种随机跳径隐蔽通信方案，实现了信号能量在多径上随机动态打散。首先，基于我方多径信道信息设计了隐蔽传输策略，并构建了敌方检测模型。接着，通过引入相关性纠偏因子，分别推导了所提方案、选最强径方案和经典最大比发送方案的敌方平均接收信噪比(SNR)闭式表达式，并基于曲线拟合的方法计算了我方最小平均隐蔽概率，完成了隐蔽性能定性和定量评估。然后，推导了我方平均接收信噪比闭式解，分析了系统速率性能。仿真实验表明，所提方案不仅在未知敌方任何信息的一般情形下具有隐蔽性能优势，而且在敌方抵近我方的极端情形下可以最大程度地解决隐蔽通信失效问题。     

武汉机场气象雷达伺服系统三次典型故障分析

武汉天河机场的多普勒气象雷达,目前所用型号为安徽四创公司生产的ADWR雷达。其在日常探测中,以本机场为中心进行体积扫描,有效探测距离可达200km,其输出的产品可帮助各航空气象用户实时了解天气情况,为合理制定飞行计划提供可靠的决策依据,属于在用重要气象保障设备。在雷达的工作过程中,雷达伺服控制系统发挥着举足轻重的作用,因此文中围绕雷达伺服控制系统展开,介绍了近期发生的三起雷达伺服系统典型故障事件,并对其进行了分析。     

Carrier Modulation in 2D Transistors by Inserting Interfacial Dielectric Layer for Area-Efficient Computation

2D materials with atomic thickness display strong gate controllability and emerge as promising materials to build area-efficient electronic circuits. However, achieving the effective and nondestructive modulation of carrier density/type in 2D materials is still challenging because the introduction of dopants will greatly degrade the carrier transport via Coulomb scattering. Here, a strategy to control the polarity of tungsten diselenide (WSe₂) field-effect transistors (FETs) via introducing hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as the interfacial dielectric layer is devised. By modulating the h-BN thickness, the carrier type of WSe₂ FETs has been switched from hole to electron. The ultrathin body of WSe₂, combined with the effective polarity control, together contribute to the versatile single-transistor logic gates, including NOR, AND, and XNOR gates, and the operation of only two transistors as a half adder in logic circuits. Compared with the use of 12 transistors based on static Si CMOS technology, the transistor number of the half adder is reduced by 83.3%. The unique carrier modulation approach has general applicability toward 2D logic gates and circuits for the improvement of area efficiency in logic computation.