When Deceitful Chats Look Truthful

The amount of deception taking place via electronic text-based communication is increasing. Research has sought to automatically detect deception by analyzing the text from the communicator. However, the deceptive intent of the communication partner is being ignored. We compare the text from subjects who are trying to deceive each other, subjects trying to deceive truth tellers, subjects telling the truth to truth tellers, and subjects telling the truth to deceivers. We hypothesize that despite the intent of the partner, deceitful text will cluster closest to deceitful text. We cluster each of the four conditions using the text content. The cluster algorithm placed subjects trying to deceive each other closest to subjects telling the truth to each other. In this analysis, the language that led subjects to choose the same outcomes had a stronger effect than the language tied to being deceitful or truthful.     

Plant health and food security,linking science,economics, policy and industry

Protecting plant resources from harmful organisms that can spread internationally is a major challenge for plant protection organisations. Natural scientists and economists have methods that contribute to informing and supporting government decision makers in plant health authorities, who also need to account for stakeholders’ views when developing policy and regulations to mitigate plant pest risks. Increasingly plant protection authorities seek to develop integrated decision making through economists and scientists working within an interdisciplinary framework. In this special section of Food Security we introduce a series of papers presented at an international conference that brought together natural scientists, economists, industry representatives and plant health policy makers to report the state of the art and explore the direction and future research needs for such interdisciplinary working to deliver rational plant protection policy and improved food security for the 21st Century. The collection of papers combine contributions from leading academics and influential policy makers and provides cohesive international perspectives on the use of science and economics, as well as their integration, to progress the development of integrated multi-disciplinary plant health policy making around the world. Using a modified version of the world café method during a conference workshop activity, participants identified greater international co-operation as a key mechanism that would reduce international plant health risks. Specifically, co-operation over analysis among stakeholders and along supply chains were seen as key issues.     

Direct structuring of C60 thin film transistors by photo-lithography under ambient conditions

Direct structuring techniques are an indispensable need for future low-cost applications of organic semiconductor materials in e.g. active matrix displays or integrated circuits. We demonstrate direct structuring of a small molecule organic semiconductor by a photo-lithography lift off process under ambient conditions. To show compatibility of this process, we fabricate organic thin film transistors (OTFT) containing the benchmark electron transporting semiconductor C60 as active material in a top-contact geometry. C60 as electron transporting semiconductor serves as good indicator for contamination and degradation caused by the structuring procedure. To disclose influences of structuring, we discuss the OTFT performance for different channel lengths from 100 μm down to 2.7 μm. In particular, we show that lithography processing gives rise to increased contact resistances. Apart from that, mobility of C60 as material parameter is only weakly affected which underlines the compatibility of the suggested structuring procedure. The potential of this structuring procedure for future integration of driving transistors in active matrix displays is demonstrated.     

Evaluation of Carbon Partitioning in New Generation of Quench and Partitioning (Q&P) Steels

Quenching and partitioning (Q&P) and a novel combined process of hot straining (HS) and Q&P (HSQ&P) treatments have been applied to a TRIP-assisted steel in a Gleeble®3S50 thermomechanical simulator. The heat treatments involved intercritical annealing at 800 °C and a two-step Q&P heat treatment with a partitioning time of 100 seconds at 400 °C. The “optimum” quench temperature of 318 °C was selected according to the constrained carbon equilibrium (CCE) criterion. The effects of high-temperature deformation (isothermal and non-isothermal) on the carbon enrichment of austenite, carbide formation, and the strain-induced transformation to ferrite (SIT) mechanism were investigated. Carbon partitioning from supersaturated martensite into austenite and carbide precipitation were confirmed by means of atom probe tomography (APT) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Austenite carbon enrichment was clearly observed in all specimens, and in the HSQ&P samples, it was significantly greater than in Q&P, suggesting an additional carbon partitioning to austenite from ferrite formed by the deformation-induced austenite-to-ferrite transformation (DIFT) phenomenon. By APT, the carbon accumulation at austenite/martensite interfaces was observed, with higher values for HSQ&P deformed isothermally (≈ 11 at. pct), when compared with non-isothermal HSQ&P (≈ 9.45 at. pct) and Q&P (≈ 7.6 at. pct). Moreover, a local Mn enrichment was observed in a ferrite/austenite interface, indicating ferrite growth under local equilibrium with negligible partitioning (LENP).

     

Constructal design of underground heat sources or sinks for the annual cycle

Here we show that the heat transfer between a pipe assembly and the soil during the annual temperature cycle of a heat pump depends on the configuration of the flow system. We rely on constructal design to find the flow architecture (spacings, shapes) such that the heat transfer between the assembly and the ground is increased. The flow configuration changes freely, and its design is evolutionary. The better shapes change gradually from slender to square as the volume fraction occupied by the flow assembly increases. The heat transfer performance increases as the depth of the structure decreases, but the depth has a negligible effect on the shape of the structure. The results also show that the heat transfer performance increases as the configuration of the ground volume and the buried structure evolves to the most slender shape possible.     

Evaluation of iron–epoxy metal nanocomposite in glass fibre and Kevlar

This paper deals with the enrichment of the both mechanical and electrical properties of Kevlar and glass fibres, not including mounting the weight of the structure by adding the iron (Fe) nanocomposites with the epoxy resin. The Fe is mixed well with the epoxy to increase the mechanical constancy and the electrical property of the fibre by a non-covalent approach. The synthesis of metal nanocomposite with epoxy is done by the direct mixing method. The Kevlar and the glass fibre were taken as the samples for this study. The zinc oxide and epoxy were mixed simultaneously using a mechanical stirrer to give appropriate dispersion and adhesion without disturbing the hydrophobic performance of the epoxy, and the Fe powder and epoxy are added with a hardener in the ratio of 1:1:0.1. The results show that the mechanical property of the fibre increased with the decrease in the weight of the laminate when they are treated with the metal nanocomposite.     

Properties of blocked linear systems

This paper presents a systematic study on the properties of blocked linear systems that have resulted from blocking discrete-time linear time invariant systems. The main idea is to explore the relationship between the blocked and the unblocked systems. Existing results are reviewed and a number of important new results are derived. Focus is given particularly on the zero properties of the blocked system as no such study has been found in the literature.     

Visualization Approaches for Evaluating Ridge Regression Estimators in Mixture and Mixture‐Process Experiments

When the component proportions in mixture experiments are restricted by lower and upper bounds, the input space of a designed experiment space can become an irregular region that can induce multicollinearity problems when estimating the component proportion parameters. Thus, ridge regression provides a beneficial means of stabilizing the coefficient estimates in the fitted model. Previous research has focused on using prediction variance as a metric for determining an appropriate value of the ridge constant, k. We use visualization techniques to illustrate and evaluate ridge regression estimators and the robustness of estimation with respect to the variance and the bias. The addition of bias allows better balancing between the stability of the estimators and minimally changing the estimates. We illustrate the graphical methods with mixture and mixture‐process examples from the literature. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Book reviews

RESOURCE TRENDS AND POPULATION POLICY: A TIME FOR REASSESSMENT, by Lester R. Brown. Worldwatch Institute, Washington, D.C., May 1979; Worldwatch Paper 29. (Paperback $2.00)

THE NEXT SEVENTY YEARS: POPULATION, FOOD AND RESOURCES, by B. Gil‐land. Abacus Press, London, 1979. 133 pp. (£9.50)

POPULATION POLICY ANALYSIS, edited by M. E. Kraft and M. Schneider. D. C. Heath, London, 1979. (£0.00)

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT, by Brian B. Clark, Ronald Bisset and Peter Wath‐ern. Manssell, London and Bowker, New York, 1980. 516 pp. (£0.00)

ADVANCES IN ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Vol. 11, edited by Amyan MacFadyen. Academic Press, London, 1980. 428 pp. (£25.00)

MICROBIAL GROWTH AND SURVIVAL IN EXTREMES OF ENVIRONMENT, edited by G. W. Gould and Janet E. Cory. Academic Press, London, 1980. 244 pp. (£16.00)

UNDER NEW MANAGEMENT: Port Growth and Emerging Coastal Management Programs, by Marc Hershman, Robert Goodwin, Andrew Ruot‐sala, Maureen McCrea and Yehuda Hayuth. A Washington Sea Grant Publication, 1978. 212 pp. ($12.50)

HANDBOOK OF INDUSTRIAL ENERGY ANALYSIS, by J. Boustead and G. F. Hancock. Ellis‐Harwood, Chichester, U.K., 1979. (£25.00)

TREE GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES, by T. T. Kozlowski. University of Washington Press, Seattle and London, 1979. vii + 192 pp. (£12.50)

ALL GOOD THINGS AROUND US, by Pamela Michael. Illustrated by Christabel King. Ernest Benn Ltd., London, 1980. 240 pp. (£12.95)

HUMAN GEOGRAPHY (2nd Edition), by A. V. Perpillou. Longman Group, London, U.K., 1977. xviii + 570 pp. 37 pls., 27 maps and diagrams, Index. (Paperback £5.50)

INDUSTRIAL AND HAZARDOUS WASTES IMPOUNDMENT, by N. P. Cheremisinoff, P. N. Cheremisinoff, F. Ellerbeck and A. J. Perna. Ann Arbor Science, Michigan, 1979. ix + 475 pp. Index. (£16.25)

PHOSPHORUS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: ITS CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY. (Ciba Foundation No. 57, New Series), by Ruth Porter and David W. Fitzsimons. Elsevier, 1978. (£18.15)

TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS WASTE DISPOSAL. Vol. II, edited by R. B. Pojasek (Options for Sterilization Solidifications). Ann Arbor Science, Michigan, U.S.A., 1979, 259 pp. (£19.80)

SON OF THE WILDERNESS (The Life of John Muir), by Linnie Marsh Wolfe. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1978. 364 pp. (Paperback £4.90)

NATURE'S PRICE, by W. van Dieren and M. G. W. Hummelinck. Marion Boyars, London, Boston, 1979. (Paperback £3.50)

PERMACULTURE ONE, by Bill (B. C.) Molli‐son and David Holmgren. Corgi Books, Trans‐world Publishers Ltd., Melbourne, Australia. 128 pp. (A $4.95)

ENVIRONMENTAL AERODYNAMICS, by R. S. Scorer. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, U.K., 1978. 488 pp. (Hardback £20.00; paperback £7.50)