特大型零件热态成形制造技术基础研究

在中国国家自然科学基金重点项目《特大件成形制造技术基础研究》、国家科技支撑计划课题《大型轧机共性技术》、国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)前期研究专项《大型零件热态成形制造虚拟技术基础研究》,以及中国河北省科技攻关项目《大型轧机共性技术》和《特大件成形制造技术基础研究》共同资助下,以大型锻钢轧辊(辊身直径超过1 000 mm或质量大于100 t)为对象,通过宏观 微观强耦合建模,解决铸造缺陷信息遗传、孔洞锻合条件、形变焊合条件、材料断裂准则构建,以及热 力 微观组织耦合建模等关键技术问题,建立以淬硬层深度数值预测技术为核心的热处理工艺分析与优化系统,提出基于非均质轧辊辊间接触力学模型的轧辊强度设计方法,构建起大型锻钢轧辊热态成形制造与服役评估的多学科耦合决策支持理论体系,提出理论研究报告。针对缩孔和气孔等大型铸钢锭铸造中的孔洞缺陷控制,以大锻件内部孔洞锻造闭合过程为科学问题,以大锻件内部有效锻合区域数值预测为目标,将有限元方法与人工神经网络技术相结合,利用神经网络的非线性映射能力,描述材料变形抗力、温度、应力应变与孔洞闭合程度之间的复杂关系,将孔洞锻合过程有限元模拟结果作为神经网络训练样本,建立起温度、应力和变形等多场耦合作用下的孔洞锻合条件模型(VCCM)。针对孔洞形变焊合机理与物理模拟模型一致性问题,以消除大锻件心部残留微孔隙,实现物理闭合状态下的锻合孔洞缺陷的真正冶金结合为目标,基于临界闭合孔洞界面接触力学原型和原子高温扩散理论,以界面接触应变和高温环境作为孔洞焊合的驱动力,利用高温和大变形对闭合孔洞界面扩散焊合的有利影响,提出适用于大锻件在锻造成形阶段的内部孔洞缺陷形变的形变焊合方法,通过物理模拟实     

Experimental Investigation and Thermodynamic Description of the Cu-Zr System

The Cu-Zr binary system is re-investigated via experiment and thermodynamic modeling. Four alloys were prepared by arc melting in order to check the controversial phase equilibria reported in the literature. Both as-cast and annealed alloys were examined by optical microscopy, x-ray diffraction and electron probe microanalysis, and the phase transformation temperatures were measured by differential scanning calorimetry. The intermetallic compounds, Cu₂₄Zr₁₃, Cu₂Zr and Cu₅Zr₈, were demonstrated to be not the stable phases. Based on the literature information and present experimental data, the Cu-Zr system was critically evaluated by means of CALculation of PHAse Diagram approach. A set of self-consistent thermodynamic parameters was obtained, and the calculated phase diagram and thermodynamic properties are in a satisfactory agreement with the experimental data.     

Cytokinin Confers Brown Planthopper Resistance by Elevating Jasmonic Acid Pathway in Rice

Plants have evolved a sophisticated defense system that employs various hormone pathways to defend against attacks by insect pests. Cytokinin (CK) plays an important role in plant growth and stress tolerance, but the role of CKs in plant–insect interaction remains largely unclear. Here, we report that CKs act as a positive regulator in rice resistance against brown planthopper (BPH), a devastating insect pest of rice. We found that BPH feeding promotes CK biosynthesis and signaling in rice. Exogenous application of CKs significantly increased the rice resistance to BPH. Increasing endogenous CKs by knocking out cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (OsCKXs) led to enhanced resistance to BPH. Moreover, the levels of the plant hormone jasmonic acid (JA) and the expression of JA-responsive genes were elevated by CK treatment and in OsCKXs knockout plants. Furthermore, JA-deficient mutant og1 was more susceptible to BPH, and CK-induced BPH resistance was suppressed in og1. These results indicate that CK-mediated BPH resistance is JA-dependent. Our findings provide the direct evidence for the novel role of CK in promoting insect resistance, and demonstrate that CK-induced insect resistance is JA-dependent. These results provide important guidance for effective pest management strategies in the future.     

Podocyte-Related Mechanisms Underlying Survival Benefit of Long-Term Angiotensin Receptor Blocker

We previously found that short-term treatment (week 8 to 12 after injury) with high-dose angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) induced the regression of existing glomerulosclerosis in 5/6 nephrectomy rats. We therefore assessed the effects of long-term intervention with ARB vs. nonspecific antihypertensives in this study. Adult rats underwent 5/6 nephrectomy and renal biopsy 8 weeks later. The rats were then divided into three groups with equivalent renal function and glomerular sclerosis and treated with high-dose losartan (ARB), nonspecific antihypertensive triple-therapy (TRX), or left untreated (Control) until week 30. We found that blood pressure, serum creatinine levels, and glomerulosclerosis were lower at sacrifice in ARB and TRX vs. Control. Only ARB reduced proteinuria and maintained the density of WT-1-positive podocytes. Glomerular tufts showed more double-positive cells for CD44, a marker of activated parietal epithelial cells, and synaptopodin after ARB vs. TRX or Control. ARB treatment reduced aldosterone levels. ARB-treated rats had significantly improved survival when compared with TRX or Control. We conclude that both long-term ARB and triple-therapy ameliorate progression, but do not sustain the regression of glomerulosclerosis. ARB resulted in the superior preservation of podocyte integrity and decreased proteinuria and aldosterone, linked to increased survival in the uremic environment.     

Two-dimensional MX Dirac materials and quantum spin Hall insulators with tunable electronic and topological properties

We propose a novel class of two-dimensional(2D)Dirac materials in the MX family(M=Be,Mg,Zn and Cd,X=Cl,Br and I),which exhibit graphene-like band structures with linearly-dispersing Dirac-cone states over large energy scales(0.8–1.8 eV)and ultra-high Fermi velocities comparable to graphene.Spin-orbit coupling opens sizable topological band gaps so that these compounds can be effectively classified as quantum spin Hall insulators.The electronic and topological properties are found to be highly tunable and amenable to modulation via anion-layer substitution and vertical electric field.Electronic structures of several members of the family are shown to host a Van-Hove singularity(VHS)close to the energy of the Dirac node.The enhanced density-of-states associated with these VHSs could provide a mechanism for inducing topological superconductivity.The presence of sizable band gaps,ultra-high carrier mobilities,and small effective masses makes the MX family promising for electronics and spintronics applications.     

Antireflection and band gap extension effects of ZnO nanocrystalline films grown on ITO-coated glasses by low temperature process

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocrystalline films coated on indium tin oxides (ITO, 90:10 wt%) glasses were prepared by low temperature process. The thin films were composed of uniform nanoparticles with average diameter around 8.4 nm. All samples exhibited excellent optical antireflective phenomena, and the maximum transmission reached 92.8% for the sample spin coated at 1500 rpm at 453 nm, improved by 21.5%. The antireflective results were explained by the coherence theory. And the antireflective effects were induced by the ITO and ZnO films. The calculated thicknesses of the ZnO films agreed well with the experimental results. The theoretical calculated band gap from the average diameter of ZnO nanoparticles was also well consistent with the experimental ones obtained from the optical transmission spectra. This result was promising for applications in organic solar cells.     

浅谈GIS在咸阳世行贷款项目管理中的应用

应用GIS建立水土保持管理信息系统,不仅可以快速高质量制作水土保持各种专题图,而且该系统还具有土地利用评价、水土保持规划、查询功能、数据分析、统计计算、网络功能等多种应用功能,实现了地图数字化、信息可视化、查询直观化、更新迅速化、信息可扩充化等要求.为黄土高原水土保持世行贷款项目的科学规划和管理提供了手段保障.     

Effect of doping cobalt on the micro-morphology and electrochemical properties of birnessite MnO2

Birnessite-type MnO₂ nanoparticles are synthesized by mixing KMnO₄ solution directly with ethylene glycol under ambient conditions. When cobalt exists in the solution, the micro-morphology of the products transforms from conglomeration to dispersive state. The result of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) shows that the product is constructed with nanosphere in sizes of ca. 40 nm. These nanospheres are twisted by nanorods clusters. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern shows that the products are birnessite-type. The electrochemical properties of the prepared materials are studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge test in aqueous electrolyte. The product shows a very high specific capacity of 326.4 F g⁻¹. These results indicate that cobalt has great effects on the micro-morphology and electrochemical properties of manganese dioxide.