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141.
The major sterols of the seeds ofBenincasa cerifera, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita maxima, C. pepo andTrichosanthes japonica and of the mature plant tissues (leaves and stems) ofCitrullus battich, Cucumis sativus andGynostemma pentaphyllum of the family Cucurbitaceae were 24-ethyl-Δ7-sterols which were accompanied by small amounts of saturated and Δ5-and Δ8-sterols. The 24-ethyl-Δ7,22,Δ7,25(27) and Δ7,22,25(27)-sterols constituted the predominant sterols for the seed materials, whereas the 24-ethyl-Δ7 and Δ7,22-sterols were the major ones for the mature plant tissues. The configurations of C-24 of the alkylsterols were examined by
high resolution1H NMR and13C NMR spectroscopy. Most of the 24-methyl- and 24-ethylsterols examined which lack a Δ25(27)-bond (i.e., 24-methyl-, 24-methyl-Δ22-, 24-ethyl- and 24-ethyl-Δ22 sterols) were shown to occur as the C-24 epimeric mixtures in which the 24α-epimers predominated in most cases. The 24-ethylsterols
which possess a Δ25(27) (i.e., 24-ethyl-Δ25(27)-and 24-ethyl-Δ7,22,25(27)-sterols) were, on the other hand, composed of only 24β-epimers. The Δ8-sterols identified and characterized were four 24-ethyl-sterols: 24α-and 24β-ethyl-5α-cholesta-8,22-dien-3β-ol, 24β-ethyl-5α-cholesta-8,25(27)-dien-3β-ol
and 24β-ethyl-5α-cholesta-8,22,25(27)-trien-3β-ol. This seems to be the first case of the detection of Δ8-sterols lacking a 4-methyl group in higher plants, and among the four Δ8-sterols the latter two are considered to be new sterols. The probable biogenetic role of the Δ8-sterols and the possible biosynthetic pathways leading to the 24α- and 24β-alkylsterols in Cucurbitaceae are discussed. 相似文献
142.
The course and kinetics of nonisothermal bulk polymerization of multifunctional acrylates were studied by dynamic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Measurements were carried out for four straight-chain monomers, diethylene glycol diacrylate (DEGDA), triethylene glycol diacrylate (TEGDA), tetraethylene glycol diacrylate (TTGDA), and poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate (PEGDA) (mol. wt. 600), to study the effect of the backbone chain length, atmosphere, and type of initiator on the crosslinking kinetics. 4,4′-Azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) (1.0%, w/w) was used as a free-radical initiator. From the dynamic scanning of polymerization of DEGDA at five heating rates (2–30°C/min), the average heat of polymerization (ΔHp) was found to be 524.2 J/g. An activation energy of 108.8 kJ/mol and preexponential factor 5.34 × 1012 s?1 were obtained from the Arrhenius plot, In dα/dt. The rate of polymerization was found manyfold greater at 20–60% conversion than at the initial stage (2–8% conversion). Polymerization was studied under both nitrogen and air atmosphere. The results corresponded well with the theory of oxygen inhibition. Different types of initiators, e.g., 4,4′-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid) (ABCVA), 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) were used for polymerization and ABCVA was found to be the most efficient among all. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
143.
Fatty methyl ester hydrogenation to fatty alcohol part I: Correlation between catalyst properties and activity/selectivity 总被引:1,自引:3,他引:1
Ross D. Rieke Deepak S. Thakur Brian D. Roberts Geoffrey T. White 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1997,74(4):333-339
Fatty alcohols, derived from natural sources, are commercially produced by hydrogenation of fatty acids or methyl esters in
slurry-phase or fixed-bed reactors. One slurry-phase hydrogenation of methyl ester process flows methyl esters and powdered
copper chromite catalyst into tubular reactors under high hydrogen pressure and elevated temperature. In the present investigation,
slurry-phase hydrogenations of C12 methyl ester were carried out in semi-batch reactions at nonoptimal conditions (i.e., low hydrogen pressure and elevated
temperature). These conditions were used to accentuate the host of side reactions that occur during the hydrogenation. Some
14 side reaction routes are outlined. As an extension of this study, copper chromite catalyst was produced under a number
of varying calcination temperatures. Differences in catalytic activity and selectivity were determined by closely following
side reaction products. Both activity and selectivity correlate well with the crystallinity of the copper chromite surface;
they increase with decreasing crystallinity. The ability to follow the wide variety of side reactions may well provide an
additional tool for the optimized design of hydrogenation catalysts. 相似文献
144.
Chakraborty Thakur S McCarren D Carr J Scime EE 《The Review of scientific instruments》2012,83(2):023508
We report continuous wave cavity ring down spectroscopy (CW-CRDS) measurements of ion velocity distribution functions (VDFs) in low pressure argon helicon plasma (magnetic field strength of 600 G, T(e) ≈ 4 eV and n ≈ 5 × 10(11) cm(-3)). Laser induced fluorescence (LIF) is routinely used to measure VDFs of argon ions, argon neutrals, helium neutrals, and xenon ions in helicon sources. Here, we describe a CW-CRDS diagnostic based on a narrow line width, tunable diode laser as an alternative technique to measure VDFs in similar regimes but where LIF is inapplicable. Being an ultra-sensitive, cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopic technique; CW-CRDS can also provide a direct quantitative measurement of the absolute metastable state density. The proof of principle CW-CRDS measurements presented here are of the Doppler broadened absorption spectrum of Ar II at 668.6138 nm. Extrapolating from these initial measurements, it is expected that this diagnostic is suitable for neutrals and ions in plasmas ranging in density from 1 × 10(9) cm(-3) to 1 × 10(13) cm(-3) and target species temperatures less than 20 eV. 相似文献
145.
Photocatalysis: Evidence and Effect of Photogenerated Charge Transfer for Enhanced Photocatalysis in WO3/TiO2 Heterojunction Films: A Computational and Experimental Study (Adv. Funct. Mater. 18/2017)
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146.
This paper presents a simplified current minimizing technique for Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) motor. This is primarily achieved by utilizing normalized 2D-Look Up Table (LUT) that is parameter independent except for saliency ratio. In addition, torque-flux reference frame is considered for implementation to reduce the complexity generally present in conventional methods utilizing ids ? iqs current reference frame. The proposed algorithm also incorporates both the aspects that lead to field weakening operation, i.e., increase in speed and reduction of dc link voltage. A novel compensation method for incorporating saturation effect is also addressed. The current minimizing technique is analyzed in detail, supported by experimental results. 相似文献
147.
Identification of the information to be recorded is the most important requirement for developing an effective traceability system. In this paper, we present a soybean value chain and model the information capture by three links in the chain including the farming, bulk handling and processing sectors. Internal information capture points were identified for each sector and the corresponding traceability information to be recorded was determined. In-depth analyses were conducted for a soybean elevator and an oil and meal processor to determine the importance of traceability information from their perspective. A lot of information is available at different links in the soybean value chain. The method presented here can be used to create a standardized list of data elements that need to be recorded internally or exchanged with other links in the chain. A UML class diagram is developed to represent a method for modeling the product, process, quality and transformation information at any link in the chain. Finally, some suitable technologies for electronic information exchange within the food supply chains are presented. 相似文献
148.
Solid-oxide fuel cells with ceria, ceria-Cu, and ceria-Rh anode were demonstrated to generate stable electric power with waste vegetable oil through direct oxidation of the fuel. The only pre-treatment to the fuel was a filtration to remove particulates. The performance of the fuel cell was stable over 100 h for the waste vegetable oil without dilution. The generated power was up to 0.25 W cm−2 for ceria-Rh fuel cell. This compares favorably with previously studied hydrocarbon fuels including jet fuels and Pennsylvania crude oil. 相似文献
149.
P.K. Basu H. Dhasmana D. Varandani B.R. Mehta D.K. Thakur 《Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells》2009,93(10):1743-1748
In the present paper, intragain surface morphology of multicrystalline silicon (mC-Si) wafer surface of area 3 μm×3 μm polished by the acid-based solution comprising of hydrofluoric (HF), nitric (HNO3) and acetic (CH3COOH) acids and new alkaline solution containing sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) has been studied using an atomic force microscope (AFM). From the roughness and section analysis study of the intergrain surface by the AFM, it is revealed that the NaOH–NaOCl polishing process is quite superior to the existing acid polishing one. Quantitative measurements indicate better smoothness of polished silicon surface after the NaOH–NaOCl treatment as compared with acid polishing. Also process cost per wafer involved in the NaOH–NaOCl polishing process is far lower than that by the acid polishing process along with additional advantageous features of high productivity, environment friendliness and safety. All these factors finally contribute to make the NaOH–NaOCl solution a better polisher for mC-Si surface. 相似文献
150.
Mohsen Labbafi Rajeev K. Thakur Christophe Vial Gholamreza Djelveh 《Food chemistry》2007,102(2):454-465
The quality of whipped products of the food industry is closely linked to the characteristics of the dispersed gas phase, such as the bubble morphology, the mean bubble size and the uniformity of the bubble size distribution. Here, an on-line method based on imaging techniques was developed for measuring these quantities in food foams manufactured in a continuous foaming device. On-line image acquisition was based on a quartz visualization cell that ensured a continuous renewal of the samples. The mean bubble size and the bubble size distribution were obtained using a semi-automated image analysis procedure. The method was validated on four kinds of aerated food emulsions (ice cream, whipped cream, aerated fresh cheese and a foamed sauce), corresponding to a large range of overrun (30–180%). The σ/d32 ratio of bubble size distributions of dairy foamed emulsions was shown to be nearly constant, regardless of the recipe and of operating conditions. 相似文献