The Design of Cold Plates for the Thermal Management of Electronic Equipment

Cold plates, devices used for the thermal management of electronic equipment, consist of a fluid flow space that is bounded by metallic walls. The fluid passages are designed to optimize the heat extraction from the electronics. This paper deals with the fluid flow and heat transfer in cold plates in which both the fluid flow and heat transfer experience periodic variations in the streamwise direction. The motivation for the work was to devise a methodology for dealing with problems that are highly complex and also computationally demanding. The first goal of the work was to transform the combined problems of fluid flow and conjugate heat transfer into one in which the wall heat transfer can be solved separately. The decoupling was achieved by first focusing on the solution of the full conjugate heat transfer problem for a portion of the periodic array. From this solution, heat transfer coefficients were extracted and subsequently employed for the solution of the wall heat conduction problem for the entire cold plate. The second focus was the development of enhancements of the heat transfer performance of cold plates. Consideration was given to manufacturing as well as thermal and fluid flow issues.     

Analysis of Fin-Tube Joints in a Compact Heat Exchanger

This article deals with an analysis of fin-tube joints as functions of topological alterations of the joint fillet size. Based on numerical predictions of a joint topology formed by the surface tension driven reactive flow of molten metal, and subsequently verified by empirical evidence gathered through both laboratory and industrial testing, the topology alterations were identified for thermal integrity studies. Subsequently, thermal characteristics of corresponding fin-tube joints were determined in terms of two models of the thermal contact resistance. Model predictions of the fin efficiency with an altered topology of the joint zone were compared with the simulation results from a computational fluid dynamics study, and the results fit well. Numerical predictions of joint topology were devised using an in-house-developed finite-element code, and verified by the Surface Evolver code. Such prediction provided quantitative joint topology information that was needed in assessments of the joint thermal performance. Experimental data were obtained using a computer-controlled transparent hot zone with an ultra-high-purity nitrogen background atmosphere under tightly controlled conditions, and also by an analysis of the state-of-the-art manufacturing process data obtained from an industrial setting. It is demonstrated that a value of fin efficiency, assumed as recommended by traditional sizing design procedures, may drastically differ from actual values.     

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF INDIUM PHOSPHIDE-BASED SUPERLATTICES

Semiconductor superlattice structures have shown promise as thermoelectric materials for their high power factor and low thermal conductivity. While the power factor of a superlattice can be controlled through band gap engineering and doping, prediction and control of thermal conductivity has remained a challenge. The thermal conductivity of three different InP/InGaAs superlattices was measured to be between 4 and 9 W/m-K from 77-320 K using the 3! method. Although the thermal conductivity of InP is an order of magnitude higher than that of InGaAs, we report the intriguing observation that as the fraction of InP is increased in InP/InGaAs superlattices, the thermal conductivity decreases. For one superlattice, the thermal conductivity was even below that of InGaAs. These observations are contrary to predictions of effective thermal conductivity by the Fourier law.     

Antioxidant flavonoid glycosides from the leaves of Ficus pumila L.

The Okinawan folks in Japan use Ficus pumila L. as a beverage or herbal medicine to treat diabetes and high blood pressure. Four flavonoid glycosides were isolated and identified as rutin (1 and 3), apigenin 6-neohesperidose (2), kaempferol 3-robinobioside (4) and kaempferol 3-rutinoside (5). Among these compounds, rutin exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging assay and superoxide radical inhibition assay. The preparation of Ooitabi leaves in water provide sufficient amount of flavonoid glycosides to the Okinawan although 50% of aqueous ethanol extracted these flavonoid glycosides more effectively. These results show the potential of Ooitabi leaves as a natural source of antioxidant for health management.     

CMOS harmonic upconverter with power management of $$2{\bf nd}$$ harmonic for wideband short-range communications

The design and simulation of a 2nd harmonic based upconverter is introduced. With the proposed upconverter, it is possible to reach a good noise figure with power and area reduction. The design of the circuit was made with the UMC \(0.18\,\upmu \hbox {m}\) Mixed Mode/RF CMOS technology. However, the design methodology can be extended to a different CMOS process. According to the performance exhibited by the purposed mixer, it may be useful in wideband short-range communication technologies, such as certified wireless USB.     

Viscous effect on stagnation depth of bubbles in a vertically oscillating liquid column

Previous theories which evaluated the stagnation depth of bubbles in a vertically oscillating liquid column are reviewed, and it is pointed out that they used an insufficient criterion for determining stagnation. The correct condition, which states that stagnation means zero mean velocity rather than acceleration, necessitates the solution of the equation of motion of the bubble, and thus viscous drag has to be included. It is shown, in accordance with available experimental data, that the value of the dimensionless group M = ω⁴A²ρh/2gP_o (which gives the stagnation depth h) is not in general a constant, but is dependent on four other dimensionless groups. Although there is no reliable information concerning the drag coefficient curve for such a situation, it is suggested, on the basis of comparison between different drag coefficient curves, that the high values of M reported in the literature and not accounted for by theory are due to bubble shape deviations from sphericity in viscous flow.     

Degagement anodique du chlore a une électrode de carbone vitreux dans un mélange fondu de NaCl et FeCl3

Résumé On étudie la surtension de dégagement du chlore à une électrode de carbone vitreux dans un mélange fondu de NaCl et de FeCl₃. On enregistre les courbes tension-courant à très faible vitesse de variation de la tension. La pente de Tafel estRT/F à 178° C dans un intervalle de surtension 3.9–4.2 V. Ce résultat est compatible avec des mécanismes simples à adsorption activée de type Temkin. Il est plus difficile d'expliquer cette pente de Tafel avec une adsorption de type Langmuir.

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The overpotential of anodic chlorine evolution on vitreous carbon, from a molten mixture of NaCl and FeCl₃, is studied. The current-potential curves are recorded at a very slow rate of change of potential with time. The Tafel slope isRT/F at 178°C in the overpotential region 3.9–4.2 V. This result is consistent with simple mechanisms involving Temkin-type activated adsorption. It is more difficult to explain this Tafel slope with a Langmuir-type adsorption.

     

Correlation of the boiling points of mixtures

A modified Swietoslawski equation has been developed to correlate the boiling points of mixtures. Vapor—liquid equilibrium data have been determined at 760 mm for the binary systems normal butanol-tertiary butanol and normal butanol-secondary butanol. Both systems present slight negative deviations from ideal solution behavior. The boiling points of the two binaries and of several other non-ideal systems were satisfactorily correlated by means of the above equation. Prediction of ternary boiling points from binary data and simplifications in the correlation which are useful for practical applications are also discussed.     

The Synthesis of Vicinal Diacylamines via Bamberger Ring Cleavage of Substituted Imidazoles. 1,2,4-Triacylaminobutanes Bearing Different Acyl Groups

Bamberger ring cleavage acylation of N-p-toluenesulfonyl (tosyl) histamine followed by hydrogenation yields 3,4-diacylaminobutanetosylamine, a triamine containing groups with different chemical reactivities.