Interconnection of busbar‐free back contacted solar cells by laser welding

We are presenting the module integration of busbar‐free back‐junction back‐contact (BJBC) solar cells. Our proof‐of‐concept module has a fill factor of 80.5% and a conversion efficiency on the designated area of 22.1% prior to lamination. A pulsed laser welds the Al metallization of the solar cells to an Al foil carried by a transparent substrate. The weld spots electrically contact each individual finger to the Al foil, which serves as interconnect between different cells. We produce a proof‐of‐concept module using busbar‐free cell strips of 25 × 125 mm². These are obtained by laser‐dicing of a 125 × 125 mm² BJBC solar cell. The fill factor of this module is increased by 3.5% absolute compared with the initial cell before laser‐dicing. This is achieved mainly by omitting the busbars and reduction of the finger length. The improvement of the module fill factor results in an increase in the module performance of 0.9% absolute before lamination in comparison with the efficiency of the initial 125 × 125 mm² BJBC solar cell. Hence, this interconnection scheme enables the transfer of high cell efficiencies to the module. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sylvester’s double sums: The general case

In 1853 Sylvester introduced a family of double-sum expressions for two finite sets of indeterminates and showed that some members of the family are essentially the polynomial subresultants of the monic polynomials associated with these sets. A question naturally arises: What are the other members of the family? This paper provides a complete answer to this question. The technique that we developed to answer the question turns out to be general enough to characterize all members of the family, providing a uniform method.     

Automaticity: A Theoretical and Conceptual Analysis.

Several theoretical views of automaticity are discussed. Most of these suggest that automaticity should be diagnosed by looking at the presence of features such as unintentional, uncontrolled/uncontrollable, goal independent, autonomous, purely stimulus driven, unconscious, efficient, and fast. Contemporary views further suggest that these features should be investigated separately. The authors examine whether features of automaticity can be disentangled on a conceptual level, because only then is the separate investigation of them worth the effort. They conclude that the conceptual analysis of features is to a large extent feasible. Not all researchers agree with this position, however. The authors show that assumptions of overlap among features are determined by the other researchers' views of automaticity and by the models they endorse for information processing in general. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

添加剂之应用及全球洗涤剂发展趋势

一、全球趋势 尽管世界各地的洗涤剂生产,零售和消费情况不尽相同,但是共同点也是显而易见的:我们都致力于开发更高效,更方便,更高兼容性,当然,更低成本的洗涤剂产品.同时,洗涤剂配方确实在上个世纪取得了巨大的进步.     

Repetition priming with nonverbal stimuli in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type.

Perceptual repetition priming was examined in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and normal control (NC) participants using a task involving the discrimination of geometric designs that had either a continuous ("closed") or discontinuous ('open") perimeter. With the open stimuli, the groups displayed significant and equivalent levels of priming after immediate repetition of the stimuli, whereas only the NC group primed significantly over a delay of three intervening items. Neither group demonstrated significant priming with the closed stimuli. Results indicate that under some conditions DAT patients can exhibit normal repetition priming with stimuli that do not have pre-existing representations but that (due possibly to a deficiency in the level of steady-state cortical activation) this priming dissipates more rapidly in DAT patients than in NC participants. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Epidermal aminopeptidase activity and metabolism as observed in an organized HaCaT cell sheet model

Metabolism studies on organized HaCaT keratinocyte cell sheets are reported. Cells were grown on porous membranes to form organized cell sheets of several cell layers, which were considered as a model of viable epidermis. Metabolism was studied by reflection kinetics, with the top side of the cell sheets in contact with a donor solution and the basal side closed by an impermeable backing layer. Metabolite formation was followed by HPLC of substrate and metabolite in the donor. For comparison, studies with homogenized HaCaT cells were also performed. Model substrates were amino acid amides of 4-methoxy-2-naphthylamine (MNA) (i.e., Ala-MNA, Arg-MNA, Glu-MNA, and Leu-MNA). Also Leu-enkephalin was studied as a model peptide. Except for Glu-MNA, all substrates were metabolized in both the organized cell sheet and in the homogenates. In homogenate studies, saturation of the metabolic reaction was reached at <100 nmol mL(-1) substrate, whereas metabolism in organized cell sheets was below saturation (up to 500 nmol mL(-1)) except for Leu-enkephalin that showed saturation at >100 nmol mL(-1). In homogenates, substrate inhibition was found with Leu-MNA (> approximately 20 nmol mL(-1)) but not with Ala-MNA and Arg-MNA, both of which showed saturation. Differences of homogenates versus organized cell sheets are due to the intact organization and enzyme compartmentation of the cell sheets as opposed to the loss of organization and compartmentation in homogenates. Also, diffusion of substrate into cell sheets may be rate limiting.     

Neuroanatomical Basis in the Temporal Lobes for Processing Living Things.

Category-specific impairment in living things was examined in patients with temporal lobe damage to investigate whether specific neuroanatomical regions could be identified in processing the knowledge of specific categories. Tasks involving more effortful retrieval naming and less effortful attribute judgment were administered to 3 groups of patients with either bilateral, unilateral left, or unilateral right temporal lobe damage. Category-specific impairment in living things was observed for patients with unilateral or bilateral damage, results that are consistent with previous findings. Depending on its site and extent, the damage in the temporal lobe might lead to deficits in processing or loss of semantic knowledge for living things. Therefore, intact category-specific semantic processes may involve associations among different neural substrates in the temporal lobe. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Imaging H2(17)O distribution in a phantom and measurement of metabolically produced H2(17)O in live mice by proton NMR

Previously we suggested a method for indirect detection of H2(17)O via a combination of 1H spin-echo sequence and 17O decoupling. The method is based on the shortening of the water proton T2 due to the residual spin-spin coupling with the 17O nucleus, and on our finding that this shortening is abolished by applying an radio frequency field at the 17O resonance frequency. In the present work we demonstrate how the method can be used for imaging low concentrations of H2(17)O, and report for the first time an application of this method to in vivo detection of H2(17)O in live newborn mice, where the H2(17)O was introduced either directly i.p. or by inhalation of 17O2 where it was formed by oxidative metabolic activity.     

A model for time-temperature-mortality relationships for eggs of the webbing clothes moth, Tineola bisselliella (Lepidoptera: Tineidae), exposed to cold

The lethal effect of cold temperatures in the range of −20 to 0°C was studied for eggs of two strains of the webbing clothes moth, Tineola bisselliella (Hummel). No significant difference in cold tolerance was found between the strains. The eggs, the developmental stage most tolerant to cold, required an estimated 15 hr at −20°C for 99.99% mortality. The results were well described by a model, based on the theory of chemical reaction kinetics, that expresses the mortality distribution as a function of exposure time and reciprocal of absolute temperature. The model was compared to published data and models of temperature tolerance for a range of insect species. Recalculation of those data showed that the model described mortality from exposure either to cold and heat well. Estimated exposure times needed to accomplish specified levels of mortality in cold disinfestation treatments, used against T. bisselliella eggs were closely similar to those observed.