Insecticidal Effects of Organotin(IV) Compounds on Plutella Xylostella (L.) Larvae. II. Inhibitory Potencies Against Acetylcholinesterase and Evidence for Synergism in Tests With Bacillus Thuringiensis(BER.) and Malathion

Features of pesticide synergism and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition (in vitro) were studied using a selected range of organotin compounds against the early 4th instar larvae of a highly resistant strain of the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, a major universal pest of cruciferous vegetables.Fourteen triorganotin compounds were evaluated for their ability to enhance the toxicity of the microbial insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) and of the commercial insecticide, Malathion to Plutella xylostella larvae. Supplemental synergism was observed with triphenyl- and tricyclopentyltin hydroxides in combinations with Bacillus thuringiensis. Increased synergism was observed with an increase in the number of cyclopentyl groups on tin in the mixed series, Cyp(n) Ph(3-n) SnX, where X = OH, and 1-(1,2,4-triazolyl). The combination of (p-chlorophenyl)diphenyltin N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamate at LD(10) and LD(25) concentrations with sublethal concentrations of Malathion as well as of tricyclohexyltin methanesulphonate at the 0.01% (w/v) concentration with Malathion exerted strong synergistic effects (supplemental synergism) with toxicity index (T.I) values of 7.2, 19.8 and 10.1, respectively.Studies on the in vitro inhibition of acetylcholinesterase prepared from the DBM larvae showed that while most of the triorganotin Compounds tested were without effect on the enzyme, compounds containing the thiocarbamylacetate or the dithiocarbamylacetate moieties demonstrated appreciable levels of inhibition, being comparable in efficacy to commercial grades of Malathion and Methomyl.     

Effect of Composition on the Electromechanical Properties of (1-x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3−XPbTiO3 Ceramics

Ceramic lead magnesium niobate–lead titanate ((1-x)PMN_-xPT) of different compositions has been prepared by the columbite precursor method. This study discusses compositions ranging from 0.94PMN–0.06PT to 0.60PM–N0.40PT, focusing on two areas of the (1-x)PMN_xPT system: compositions that exhibit electrostrictive behavior, and those that show piezoelectric behavior. In electrostrictive compositions where x is in the range of 0.06–0.20, the dielectric constant and electromechanical coupling factor dependencies on the bias field are evaluated. The optimal electromechanical properties are obtained with the composition 0.82PMN–0.18PT, measured at temperature T = T_m (the temperature of maximum dielectric constant) = 80°C and with a dc bias of 5 kV/cm. X–ray diffractometry is used to show that the (1-x)PMN_-xPT system has a compositionally wide two–phase region and that 0.655PMN–0.345PT is the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) composition. Electromechanical property evaluation shows that the optimal piezoelectric properties (piezoelectric charge coefficient ( d₃₃ ) value of 720 pC/N, dielectric constant ( K ) value of 5400, and electromechanical planar and thickness coupling coefficient ( k_p and k_t , respectively) values of 62% and 46%, respectively) are obtained at the MPB composition.     

Abutilon indicum Seed Oil — Characterisation of HBr-Reactive Acids

The seed oil of Abutilon indicum (Malvaceae) contains three HBr-reactive fatty acids. These are shown to be cis-12,13-epoxyoleic (vernolic) acid, 1.6% 9,10-methylene-octadec-9-enoic (sterculic) acid, 0.9%; as well as 8,9-methylene-heptadec-8-enoic (malvalic) acid, 2.3%. Quantitative results are obtained by combining informations about the HBr-titration, the preparative thin layer separation of oxygenated and non-oxygenated acids, and gas liquid chromatographic analysis.     

Dishwashing performance of mixed palm stearin sulfonated methyl esters and polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters

The detergency profiles of sodium salt α-sulfonated methyl esters derived from palm stearin (α-SMEPS) and polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monoesters (POESE) in mixed micelle systems were evaluated as a function of the weight ratios of α-SMEPS/POESE [polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (12), polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate (18∶0), and polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (18∶1)] at different water hardness values (5.12, 51.2, and 512.0 ppm CaCO₃) and temperatures (20, 30, 45, and 65°C), respectively. All the mixtures of α-SMEPS/POESE (12, 18∶0, and 18∶1) systems exhibited a synergistic effect at 65°C in the absence of hardness. This was evaluated by measuring the percentage of soil removed. The systems showed an increase in detergency with both the temperature and water hardness. Maximal detergency was observed with 5.12 ppm CaCO₃ in the mixed surfactant solution.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Composite Alumina–Titania Ceramic Membrane for Gas Separation

A ceramic composite membrane was prepared using a commercial titania ceramic membrane coated by alumina oxide via a sol–gel technique where polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used as a binder. The characteristic of the membrane was analyzed in terms of the effect of PVA concentration and sintering temperature on viscosity, pore size, density, porosity and surface area of the membrane. Two vol% of PVA solution containing 4 g of PVA in 100 mL of water was adequate to achieve an appropriate porosity level to avoid cracks on the gel layer. Sol viscosity and pore size of the membrane essentially increased when the PVA concentration was increased. The density of the membrane increased as the sintering temperature increased. The porosity level however, decreased when the temperature was increased. The composite membrane was further characterized in terms of permeability of pure gas at low-temperature region (301 K) where an experimental platform has been developed to perform the permeability studies.     

Augmented grasshopper optimization algorithm by differential evolution: a power scheduling application in smart homes

With the increasing number of electricity consumers, production, distribution, and consumption problems of produced energy have appeared. This paper proposed an optimization method to reduce the peak demand using smart grid capabilities. In the proposed method, a hybrid Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA) with the self-adaptive Differential Evolution (DE) is used, called HGOA. The proposed method takes advantage of the global and local search strategies from Differential Evolution and Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm. Experimental results are applied in two scenarios; the first scenario has universal inputs and several appliances. The second scenario has an expanded number of appliances. The results showed that the proposed method (HGOA) got better power scheduling arrangements and better performance than other comparative algorithms using the classical benchmark functions. Moreover, according to the computational time, it runs in constant execution time as the population is increased. The proposed method got 0.26?% enhancement compared to the other methods. Finally, we found that the proposed HGOA always got better results than the original method in the worst cases and the best cases.

     

Enhanced halftone-based secure and improved visual cryptography scheme for colour/binary Images

Visual Cryptography (VC) is gaining attraction during the past few years to secure the visual information in the transmission network. It enables the visual data i.e. handwritten notes, photos, printed text, etc. to encrypt in such a way that their decryption can be done through the human visual framework. Hence, no computational assistance is required for the decryption of the secret images they can be seen through naked eye. In this paper, a novel enhanced halftoning-based VC scheme is proposed that works for both binary and color images. Fake share is generated by the combination of random black and white pixels. The proposed algorithm consists of 3 stages i.e., detection, encryption, and decryption. Halftoning, Encryption, (2, 2) visual cryptography and the novel idea of fake share, make it even more secure and improved. As a result, it facilitates the original restored image to the authentic user, however, the one who enters the wrong password gets the combination of fake share with any real share. Both colored and black images can be processed with minimal capacity using the proposed scheme.

     

A novel secure solution of using mixed reality in data transmission for bowel and jaw surgical telepresence: enhanced rivest cipher RC6 block cipher

Security threats are crucial challenges that deter Mixed reality (MR) communication in medical telepresence. This research aims to improve the security by reducing the chances of types of various attacks occurring during the real-time data transmission in surgical telepresence as well as reduce the time of the cryptographic algorithm and keep the quality of the media used. The proposed model consists of an enhanced RC6 algorithm in combination. Dynamic keys are generated from the RC6 algorithm mixed with RC4 to create dynamic S-box and permutation table, preventing various known attacks during the real-time data transmission. For every next session, a new key is created, avoiding possible reuse of the same key from the attacker. The results obtained from our proposed system are showing better performance compared to the state of art. The resistance to the tested attacks is measured throughout the entropy, Pick to Signal Noise Ratio (PSNR) is decreased for the encrypted image than the state of art, structural similarity index (SSIM) closer to zero. The execution time of the algorithm is decreased for an average of 20%. The proposed system is focusing on preventing the brute force attack occurred during the surgical telepresence data transmission. The paper proposes a framework that enhances the security related to data transmission during surgeries with acceptable performance.

     

Model reduction based on limited‐time interval impulse response Gramians

In this paper, three new Gramians are introduced namely ‐ limited‐time interval impulse response Gramians (LTIRG), generalized limited‐time Gramians (GLTG) and generalized limited‐time impulse response Gramians (GLTIRG). GLTG and GLTIRG are applicable to both unstable systems and also to systems which have eigenvalues of opposite polarities and equal magnitude. The concept of these Gramians is utilized to develop model reduction algorithms for linear time‐invariant continuous‐time single‐input single‐output (SISO) systems. In the cases of GLTIRG and GLTG based model reduction, the standard time‐limited Gramians are generalized to be applied to unstable systems by transforming the original system into a new system which requires the solution of two Riccati equations. Two numerical examples are included to illustrate the proposed methods. The results are also compared with standard techniques.     

Recent warming of Tonle Sap Lake,Cambodia: Implications for one of the world’s most productive inland fisheries

Tonle Sap Lake in Cambodia is arguably the world's most productive freshwater ecosystems, as well as the dominant source of animal protein for the country. The rapid rise of hydropower schemes, deforestation, land development and climate change impacts in the Mekong River Basin, however, now represent serious concerns in regard to Tonle Sap Lake's ecological health and its role in future food security. To this end, the present study identifies significant recent warming of lake temperature and discusses how each of these anthropogenic perturbations in Tonle Sap's floodplain and the Mekong River Basin may be influencing this trend. The lake's dry season monthly average temperature increased by 0.03°C/year between 1988 and 2018, being largely in synchrony with warming trends of the local air temperature and upstream rivers. The impacts of deforestation and agriculture development in the lake's floodplain also exhibited a high correlation with an increased number of warm days observed in the lake, particularly in its southeast region (agriculture R² = .61; deforestation R² = .39). A total of 79 dams, resulting in 72 km³ of volumetric water capacity, were constructed between 2003 and 2018 in the Mekong River Basin. This dam development coincided with a decreasing trend in the number of dry season warm days per year in the lower Mekong River, while Tonle Sap Lake's number of dry season warm days continued to increase during this same period. The present study revealed that Tonle Sap Lake's temperature trends are highly influenced by temperature trends in the local climate, agriculture development and deforestation of the lake's watershed. Although there were no noticeable impacts observed from upstream dam development in the Mekong River Basin, local‐to‐regional agricultural and land management of the lake's watershed appear to be effective strategies for maintaining a stable thermal regime in the lake in order to facilitate maximum ecosystem health.