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71.
Abstract The main natural source of water available in Kuwait is the brackish groundwater located in the Kuwait Group and the Dammam aquifers, where the salinity ranges from 4300 to 10200 mg/l and from 2500 to 10000 mg/l, respectively. Limited fresh groundwater resources in Al‐Rawdhatain and Umm Al‐Aish fields, which have a salinity of 359 ‐1737 mg/l, are also available. Most of the groundwater in Kuwait is used for irrigation, domestic purposes, small‐scale industries and for blending with distilled water. Because rainfall is seasonal and less than annual evaporation, the recharge of the groundwater from rainfall is negligible. The objective of this paper is to assess the different water resources in Kuwait in order to make an integrated management plan and to focus on future sustainability. Generally, in the State of Kuwait, there is increasing pressure on the natural water resources because of the exploitation of the aquifers at a rate exceeding that of both the groundwater recharge and population growth (from 1.4 million in 1980 to 2.55 million in 2003). This has lead to the observed decline in groundwater level and to the deterioration of water quality. In the early 1950s, a plan was endorsed in Kuwait to establish seawater desalination plants. By 2005, six desalination plants have been established, with a total capacity of distillation units of 1434.72 ×103 m3/d (315.6 MIGD). However, the gross maximum consumption for the year 2003 reached a value of 1440.17 ×103 m3/d (316.8 MIGD), which is higher than the total capacity of the available distillation units. Given the limitation of conventional water and the shortages of non‐conventional water, along with the increasing population, Kuwait must consider the recycling of wastewater for irrigation, industrial or any other unrestricted non‐potable purpose. 相似文献
72.
Zaher Al Aghbari 《Journal of Intelligent Information Systems》2012,39(1):1-28
Indexing sequences containing multiple moving objects by all features of these objects captured at every clock tick results in huge index structures due to the large number of extracted features in all sampled instances. Thus, the main problems with current systems that index sequences containing multiple moving objects are: huge storage requirements for index structures, slow search time and low accuracy due to lack of representation of the time-varying features of objects. In this paper, a technique called cTraj to address these problems is proposed. For each object in a sequence, cTraj captures the features at sampled instances. Then, it maps the object??s features at each sampled instance from high-dimensional feature space into a point in low-dimensional distance space. The sequence of points of an object in low-dimensional space is considered the time-varying feature trajectory of the object. To reduce storage requirements of an index structure, the sequence of points in each trajectory is represented by a minimum bounding box (MBB). cTraj indexes a sequence by the MBBs of its objects using a spatial access method (SAM), such as an R?tree; thus, greatly reducing storage requirements of the index and speeding up the search time. The cTraj technique does not result in any false dismissal, but the result might contain a few false alarms, which are removed by a two-step refinement process. The experiments show that the proposed cTraj technique produces effective results comparable to those of a sequential method, however much more efficient. 相似文献
73.
Miguel JM Boquete L Ortega S Cordero CA Barea R Blanco R 《Computer methods and programs in biomedicine》2012,108(1):377-387
The multifocal electroretinography technique consists of performing sectorized light excitation of the retina and capturing the resulting evoked potential. This provides functional localized information about the state of the retinal neurons. Analysis of multifocal electroretinography signals can be used for diagnosing different types of optic neuropathies (glaucomatous, demyelinating and ischemic ethiology). In order to obtain a reliable diagnosis, it is necessary to apply advanced processing algorithms (morphological, frequency and time-frequency analysis, etc.) to the multifocal electroretinography signal. This paper presents a software application developed in MATLAB(?) (MathWorks Inc., MA) designed to perform advanced multifocal electroretinography signal analysis and classification. This intuitive application, mfERG_LAB, is used to plot the signals, apply various algorithms to them and present the data in an appropriate format. The application's computational power and modular structure make it suitable for use in clinical settings as a powerful and innovative diagnostic tool, as well as in research and teaching settings as a means of assessing new algorithms. 相似文献
74.
Fault prediction and the discriminative powers of connectivity-based object-oriented class cohesion metrics 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jehad Al Dallal 《Information and Software Technology》2012,54(4):396-416
Context
Several metrics have been proposed to measure the extent to which class members are related. Connectivity-based class cohesion metrics measure the degree of connectivity among the class members.Objective
We propose a new class cohesion metric that has higher discriminative power than any of the existing cohesion metrics. In addition, we empirically compare the connectivity and non-connectivity-based cohesion metrics.Method
The proposed class cohesion metric is based on counting the number of possible paths in a graph that represents the connectivity pattern of the class members. We theoretically and empirically validate this path connectivity class cohesion (PCCC) metric. The empirical validation compares seven connectivity-based metrics, including PCCC, and 11 non-connectivity-based metrics in terms of discriminative and fault detection powers. The discriminative-power study explores the probability that a cohesion metric will incorrectly determine classes to be cohesively equal when they have different connectivity patterns. The fault detection study investigates whether connectivity-based metrics, including PCCC, better explain the presence of faults from a statistical standpoint in comparison to other non-connectivity-based cohesion metrics, considered individually or in combination.Results
The theoretical validation demonstrates that PCCC satisfies the key cohesion properties. The results of the empirical studies indicate that, in contrast to other connectivity-based cohesion metrics, PCCC is much better than any comparable cohesion metric in terms of its discriminative power. In addition, the results also indicate that PCCC measures cohesion aspects that are not captured by other metrics, wherein it is considerably better than other connectivity-based metrics but slightly worse than some other non-connectivity-based cohesion metrics in terms of its ability to predict faulty classes.Conclusion
PCCC is more useful in practice for the applications in which practitioners need to distinguish between the quality of different classes or the quality of different implementations of the same class. 相似文献75.
76.
P. Yalamanchili Z. Al Aly E. Gonzalez . 《Hemodialysis international. International Symposium on Home Hemodialysis》2004,8(1):95-96
Valproic acid toxicity is not infrequent and is difficult to treat, as there is no specific antidote. In the past, this drug was considered unremovable by extracorporeal methods because of the highly protein bound state (90–95%). However, recent reports suggest that the toxicokinetics of valproate vary considerably from the pharmacokinetics at therapeutic levels, and at higher concentrations protein‐binding sites become saturated. The drug's relatively low molecular weight (144 Da), small volume of distribution (0.13–0.23 L/kg), and saturable protein binding render it potentially amenable to extracorporeal removal, but published experience is scant and there are only a few reported instances in which patients were successfully treated with extracorporeal methods. Here we report the case of a patient with serious valproate toxicity treated with simultaneous “in series” hemodialysis and hemoperfusion followed by continuous veno‐venous hemodiafiltration. A 35‐year‐old homeless male presented to the emergency department after ingesting 120 pills of valproic acid. Initial valproic acid level was 59 µg/mL. Urine drug screen was negative and serum chemistries including LFTs were normal. He was treated with activated charcoal and admitted to the intensive care unit. 4 h later, he developed respiratory failure and became hemodynamically unstable. He was intubated and successfully resuscitated. Subsequently, the valproic acid level was found to be 553 µg/mL and a decision was made to employ extracorporeal methods for drug removal. “In series” hemodialysis and hemoperfusion were done for 4 h and simultaneous blood samples for measurement of valproic acid levels were obtained as blood entered the hemoperfusion column (arterial) and as it exited the hemodialysis membrane (venous). Extraction ratio, whole blood, and plasma clearances were calculated and they compared substantially with the published data. The above measures decreased valproate levels from 572.6 (pre‐dialysis level) to 203.2 µg/mL. This was followed by continuous veno‐venous hemodiafiltration for 18 h, which sustained the drug removal and prevented significant post‐dialytic rebound. This is the first reported instance in which these three methods were administered together successfully in the management of valproic acid toxicity. 相似文献
77.
78.
Waveguiding through a two-dimensional metallic photonic crystal 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
F. I. Baida D. Van Labeke Y. Pagani B. Guizal & M. Al Naboulsi 《Journal of microscopy》2004,213(2):144-148
We present a two‐dimensional (2D) finite‐difference time domain simulation of the propagation of light through linear and bent channels in metallic photonic crystals. We took as a starting point the Bozhevolnyi experiment, consisting of the scattering of surface plasmons by a 2D structure of finitely sized periodic gold dots arranged in a triangular lattice of 400‐nm period. We model injection and propagation of light through linear channels of different widths. We also study the behaviour of light in the presence of a 90° bent line defect made in the structure. We show that the confinement depends on the orientation of the input and output line defects. The two cases of ΓM and ΓK orientations are considered and a spectral study for five different wavelengths is carried out. 相似文献
79.
Due to its superior damping ratio, high adhesion and fast curing, polymer concrete is used in manufacturing bases for a wide range of precision machines. The coefficient of thermal expansion for polymer concrete is one of the main parameters that can affect the level of accuracy in precision tool machines. Flexural strength is a fundamental strength of the base. In this study six aggregates (basalt, spodumene, fly ash, river gravel, sand and chalk) were investigated. Polymer concrete samples were prepared with different compositions of aggregates containing the same resin volume fraction (aggregates 83% and risen 17%). A four points flexural test was employed to measure the flexural strength of the polymer concrete samples. The coefficient of thermal expansion for polymer concrete was measured using a custom built device. The preliminary optimum composition, with the highest flexural strength and lowest thermal expansion coefficient, was found to be basalt, spodumene and fly ash. Basalt, sand and fly ash composition was the second in the rank. The second composition was nominated for further optimization in terms of resin volume fraction in consideration of its ability to adapt a smaller amount of resin. Different samples of polymer concrete were prepared with a variety of resin volume fractions as follows; 17%, 15% and 13%. The resin volume fraction has been demonstrated to have a significant effect on the coefficient of thermal expansion and flexural strength for polymer concrete. The final optimized composition was basalt, sand and fly ash (filler 87% and resin 13%). ANSYS 13 software was employed in visualizing the influence of polymer concrete compositions on the thermal expansion of the base and how it affected the level of precision of the tool machine. 相似文献
80.
Mohammad Al Khawaldah 《Advanced Robotics》2013,27(10):657-669
In this paper, the exploration and map-building of unknown environment by a team of mobile robots is intensively investigated. A new exploration technique is proposed to increase the exploration efficiency. In particular, the new technique has two main objectives: firstly, it aims at reducing the exploration time and the traveled distance by reducing the overlap which takes place when a certain area in the environment is explored by more than one robot. To achieve this, a new procedure to assign the next target location for each individual robot is proposed. And secondly, it aims at reducing computations complexity required by target selection and path planning tasks. More importantly, the proposed technique obviates the need for environment segmentation complex procedures which is adopted in some previous important research works. The new technique is intensively tested with different environments. The results showed the effectiveness of the proposed technique. 相似文献