Investigation of the specific interfacial area of a palm oil–water system

Oil–water dispersions have many important applications in the chemical and oleochemical industries. A measure of the specific interfacial area of the dispersed phase provides a direct indication of the quality of the dispersion. In this study, the specific interfacial area for the palm oil–water system was determined using a microscopic technique. The effects of oil volume fraction, agitation speed and temperature on the specific interfacial area have been determined experimentally and an empirical correlation to predict the total specific interfacial area under different operating conditions is proposed. This correlation can be used in the design of reaction and non‐reaction systems using palm oil–water dispersions. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Measurement of large gasndashliquid interfacial areas

The light attenuation technique has been modified to expand the range of its applicability up to AL values of 460. This has been accomplished through the use of a laser as the source of monochromatic collimated light, and a very sensitive low-bias picoammeter. The data obtained using the photographic technique were found to agree reasonably well with those from light attenuation.     

Evaluation of dams as a recharge method

Dams are used for recharge purposes in many parts of Saudi Arabia. In spite of the importance of such a method, no detailed study exists on its performance. As a part of a comprehensive research project dealing with all aspects of dams as a recharge tool in the central region of the country, data on reservoirs’ water levels, meteorological parameters and observation wells were collected at two recharge dam sites. These data were used in a water budget approach to estimate efficiency. Contrary to the established belief that this method of recharge is poor, results show that between 82% and 94.5% of water stored in the two reservoirs was taken into the soil.     

Liquid dispersion in static in-line mixers

Liquid/liquid dispersion in static mixers has been investigated using Lightnin “In-liner” mixing elements. The average drop size was found to decrease with increasing residence time, gradually approaching an equilibrium size whose magnitude agrees reasonably well with Kolmogoroff's theory for drop rupture in turbulent flows. The efficiency at which mechanical energy is utilized in the generation of new interfacial area was evaluated as a function of design and operating conditions and was found to be highest when the final drop size is much larger than the achievable equilibrium value.     

A method for determining the settling behavior of dense suspensions

An accelerated method for evaluating the compaction behavior of dense suspensions is presented, in which centrifugal force is used to enhance settling rates and a highly-compensated compound pendulum is used to detect the resultant small shifts in centre of gravity. The results obtained by following the temporal variation in suspension characteristics indicate that a Richardson and Zaki type of equation can describe the subsidence of very concentrated suspensions. The exponent n, and the ultimate sediment compaction density were found to be strongly influenced by small changes in the physicochemical characteristics of the suspended solids.     

一种新颖的超大点阵分束实现方法

首次提出了一种实现超大卢、阵光束分束的新方法，它是利用位相迭加原理和ＶＬＳＩ技术将光栅分束器和位相型菲涅耳微透镜列阵集成为一体，构成了一种新型的光束分束列阵器件—一菲涅耳计算机源生全息分来器（ＣＧＦＢＳ），以实现１２８×１２８，甚至更高卢、阵数的光点分束。     

Scientific-Technical Support for Innovation at Companies, Research Institutes, and Other Organizations in the Metallurgical Sector

A recent seminar explored new innovations in metallurgical technology and provided a forum for discussing how companies and research organizations manage and plan activities in this area. Two of the specific cases examined were the work done by the Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys to find new ways to develop the Udokan copper deposit and the efforts of the institute Stal’proekt to provide engineering-technical support to companies interested in modernizing their furnaces. Among the other topics covered were technical consulting on the use of technogenic materials, the recycling of such materials by the Romelt process, an energy-saving method of producing cast iron and ferroalloys in a new type of furnace — an oxygen reactor — and the development and introduction of automated production units in metallurgy. Reports were also given on new high-strength corrosion-resistant steels, the possible use of new protective coatings on steel plates and tubes, and aspects of micro-metallurgy.Translated from Metallurg, No. 1, pp. 45–49, January, 2005.     

Computational method for and analysis of the application of granular absorbers in VVÉR reactors

Questions concerning the compensation of excess reactivity in pressurized-water reactors by using consumable granular absorbers are examined. A method of computing the spatial-energy distribution of the neutrons in cells with a granular absorber is presented. The neutron-physical and thermophysical characteristics of fuel assemblies with fuel elements based on homogenized and heterogeneous arrangements of gadolinium in them are compared. It is shown that granular absorbers have certain advantages, specifically, they decrease the gadolinium content in the fuel elements and at the same time increase the total number of gadolinium-containing fuel elements in the fuel assemblies. This decreases the maximum power released in the gadolinium-containing fuel elements and the temperature of the fuel during the entire run. __________ Translated from Atomnaya énergiya, Vol. 100, No. 1, pp. 8–13, January, 2006.     

Sustained Release Matrix of Mebeverine Hydrochloride Using Polyacrylate Resin “Eudragit Retard” Kinetic of Drug Release and Evaluation of a Kinetic Model

In this study Eudragit RS PM and RL PM were evaluated as carriers for the preparation of prolonged release solid dispersions of mebeverine hydrochloride by solvent and melting methods. The prepared tablets were examined for dissolution at pH 1.2 and 7.4, Eudragit RS PM and RL PM were found satisfactory as potential slow release carriers. The solid dispersion prepared by the solvent method showed a slow release pattern. Drug release appeared to fit both, first order and Higuchi matrix model kinetics. However, on application of the differential rate treatments, the evidence supported the Higuchi matrix model. Effect of temperatures on dissolution rate was studied for thermodynamic consideration.

The drug release was pH-independent until pH 7.4.As the pH increased, the release was significantly reduced due to solubility problem.     

Integration of Mobile-IP and OLSR for a Universal Mobility

Trends in fourth generation (4G) wireless networks are clearly identified by the full-IP concept where all traffic (data, control, voice and video services, etc.) will be transported in IP packets. Many proposals are being made to enhance IP with the functionalities necessary to manage the mobility of nodes, so that networks can provide global seamless roaming between heterogeneous wireless and wired networks. In this paper, we focus on the management of universal mobility, including both large scale macro-mobility and local scale micro-mobility. We propose a hierachical architecture (i) extending micro-mobility management of a wireless access network to an ad-hoc access network, (ii) connecting this ad-hoc network to the Internet and (iii) integrating Mobile IP and OLSR, a routing protocol for ad-hoc networks, to manage universal mobility. This architecture is validated by an implementation based on DynamicsMobile-IP and OLSR version 7. We show how the brodcast of Mobile-IP Agent Advertisement can be optimized using OLSR MPR-flooding.