Combinatory Urbanism

Abstract

This essay investigates the relationship between programming and design. It exposes and criticizes those views that characterize programming and design as separate and their relationship as linear. Instead, we propose that the relationship is interactive and that the clarification of programmatic and design issues goes hand in hand. During this interactive process both client and architect take significant responsibilities. The design process of the First Unitarian Church of Louis Kahn is an illustrative example. Investigation of the client's reports, of Kahn's and the client's letters, and of Kahn's design proposals exposes the client's contribution and the interaction between programming and design. Our study suggests that clients have the potential to play crucial roles in design and deserve credit.     

On the failure of scientific research: an analysis of SBIR projects funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health

Scientometrics - The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program is the primary source of public funding in the United States for research by small firms on new technologies, and the National...     

Effect of calcium pidolate on the rheological characteristics of jams and gelatins

Calcium pidolate is a calcium containing molecule that has the essential advantage of being absorbed more easily and in a greater proportion than any other calcium compound. The combination between a low methoxyl pectin and calcium allows forming food gels with a small amount of sugar. In this work, the use of calcium pidolate in the composition of two of these products (jams and gelatins) has been assayed, testing its rheological properties. An optimum content of calcium pidolate has been found for each product and sugar proportion. Both in jams and gelatins, the results obtained with calcium pidolate were better than the ones obtained with calcium chloride.     

Aufbau und Anpassung der Wirtschafts- und Betriebswissenschaften von den 1960er bis 1990er Jahren

The following article shows the development of the economic and management sciences at the University of Leoben. For this purpose, the establishment and organization as well as the further establishment of the Institute from 1963 to 1995 are described. The link to the development of the economy especially to the steel industry is drawn for each decade. Furthermore, the article discusses the increasing educational and training opportunities.     

Permeability of high-performance concrete subjected to elevated temperature (600 °C)

Permeability is one of the most important parameters to quantify the durability of high-performance concrete. Permeability is closely related with the spalling phenomenon in concrete at elevated temperature. This parameter is commonly measured on non-thermally damaged specimens. This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out to study the effect of elevated temperature on the permeability of high-performance concrete. For this purpose, three types of concrete mixtures were prepared: (i) control high-performance concrete; (ii) high-performance concrete incorporating polypropylene fibres; and (iii) high-performance concrete made with lightweight aggregates. A heating–cooling cycle was applied on 160 × 320 mm, 110 × 220 mm, and 150 × 300 mm cylindrical specimens. The maximum test temperature was kept as either 200 or 600 °C. After the thermal treatment, 65 mm thick slices were cut from each cylinder and dried prior to being subjected to permeability test. Results of thermal gradients in the concrete specimens during the heating–cooling cycles, compressive strength, and splitting tensile strength of concrete mixtures are also presented here. A relationship between the thermal damage indicators and permeability is presented.     

The effect of controlled degradation on the molecular characteristics of heterophasic ethylene–propylene copolymers

A commercial heterophasic ethylene–propylene copolymer (HEPC) produced by Sasol Polymers using a Ziegler‐Natta catalysed gas‐phase process was vis‐broken (controlled degradation) to various degrees by making use of an organic peroxide. The effects of the amount of vis‐breaking on the molecular characteristics and physical properties were subsequently studied by making use of preparative Temperature Rising Elution Fractionation (p‐TREF), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), High Temperature Size Exclusion Chromatography (HT‐SEC), and deposition of the SEC fractions via the LC Transform Interface (SEC‐FTIR). It was found that by increasing the amount of organic peroxide, the molecular characteristics of the heterophasic copolymer are severely affected and hence influence the physical characteristics of the polymer dramatically. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 41783.     

Effect of Pre-heat and Inert Gas Species on Cryogenic Aerosol Cleaning Performance in Semiconductor Manufacturing

Cryogenic aerosol cleaning is a dry cleaning method used in the back end of line (BEOL) semiconductor manufacturing to remove defects from planar hydrophobic surfaces such as SiCOH and SiCxNyHz. Cryogenic aerosol cleaning is preferred over conventional wet cleaning methods as it is a non-contact cleaning method, which uses inert gases to generate sub-micrometer-sized solid aerosol particles that physically remove nanometer-sized contaminants on wafer surfaces. Particle removal mechanism involves detachment of the particles upon impact with aerosol, diffusion, and finally entrainment away from the wafer. In BEOL metal line patterning, particles on the dielectric isolation surfaces translate through the subsequent lithography and copper fill steps in to single or multiple metal line open defects that are yield killers. In this study, we show that the particle removal performance of the standard aerosol cleaning can be enhanced by pre-heating the wafer and use of a higher molecular weight inert gas, namely Ar, for aerosol generation. Both the addition of a Pre-heat step and the use of Ar as the aerosol source showed 47–52% reduction in single and multiple line opens detected through wafer electrical tests during high volume semiconductor manufacturing process.     

k‐strong privacy for radio frequency identification authentication protocols based on physically unclonable functions

This paper examines Vaudenay's privacy model, which is one of the first and most complete privacy models that featured the notion of different privacy classes. We enhance this model by introducing two new generic adversary classes, k‐strong and k‐forward adversaries where the adversary is allowed to corrupt a tag at most k times. Moreover, we introduce an extended privacy definition that also covers all privacy classes of Vaudenay's model. In order to achieve highest privacy level, we study low cost primitives such as physically unclonable functions (PUFs). The common assumption of PUFs is that their physical structure is destroyed once tampered. This is an ideal assumption because the tamper resistance depends on the ability of the attacker and the quality of the PUF circuits. In this paper, we have weakened this assumption by introducing a new definition k‐resistant PUFs. k‐PUFs are tamper resistant against at most k attacks; that is, their physical structure remains still functional and correct until at most k^th physical attack. Furthermore, we prove that strong privacy can be achieved without public‐key cryptography using k PUF‐based authentication. We finally prove that our extended proposal achieves both reader authentication and k‐strong privacy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Genetic algorithm optimization in building portfolio management

A significant proportion of building investment expenditure goes to replacement expenditure for organizations owning a large building stock or portfolio. Over the years, researchers have attempted to develop asset replacement models to aid decision-making in building portfolio management, based upon' a statistical or an heuristic approach. This study attempts to use genetic algorithms to develop models for forecasting long term asset replacement strategies, aiming at smoothing fluctuations of expenditure and resource requirements, and most importantly minimizing the total maintenance and replacement costs. Scenarios are presented to demonstrate how these can be achieved. Further refinement for practical application of the models is also presented.     

Conversion of Nuclear Waste to Molten Glass: Cold‐Cap Reactions in Crucible Tests

The feed‐to‐glass conversion, which comprises complex chemical reactions and phase transitions, occurs in the cold cap during nuclear waste vitrification. To investigate the conversion process, we analyzed heat‐treated samples of a simulated high‐level waste feed using X‐ray diffraction, electron probe microanalysis, leaching tests, and residual anion analysis. Feed dehydration, gas evolution, and borate phase formation occurred at temperatures below 700°C before the emerging glass‐forming melt was completely connected. Above 700°C, intermediate aluminosilicate phases and quartz particles gradually dissolved in the continuous borosilicate melt, which expanded with transient foam. Knowledge of the chemistry and physics of feed‐to‐glass conversion will help us control the conversion path by changing the melter feed makeup to maximize the glass production rate.