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11.
At ACCESS e.V. numerical simulations of casting and heat treatment processes are performed and are in use for process optimization since more than 10 years. During the last few years, a simulation technique, for the prediction of microscale texture characteristics dependent on the solidification conditions, has been additionally developed. Both simulation methods are applied to silicon crystallization processes in close collaboration with partners from the industry, namely the Deutsche Solar GmbH.In this paper, general features of numerical simulation for silicon crystallization techniques will be presented. The prospectives and limitations of these simulation methods will be discussed. Finally, examples of numerical simulation results on different length scales for two silicon-casting processes are given. 相似文献
12.
Z Qu ED Apel CA Doherty PW Hoffman JP Merlie RL Huganir 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1996,8(2-3):171-184
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation has been suggested to play an important role in the clustering of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) at the developing neuromuscular junction. Recent studies have shown that the 43-kDa synapse-associated protein rapsyn induces clustering of the AChR in heterologous expression systems. In this study we examined whether tyrosine phosphorylation is involved in this rapsyn-induced AChR clustering. Rapsyn-induced AChR clusters in fibroblasts contain phosphotyrosine, as detected using immunofluorescent labeling with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies. No anti-phosphotyrosine staining of rapsyn clusters is seen in the absence of AChR expression, indicating that the AChR is required for the appearance of phosphotyrosine at clusters. In addition, coexpression of rapsyn with the AChR induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of the beta amd delta subunits of the AChR. Surprisingly, mutation of the tyrosine phosphorylation sites in the AChR did not inhibit rapsyn-induced clustering of the AChR and clusters of the mutant AChRs still contained high levels of phosphotyrosine. Experiments with single AChR subunits demonstrate that the alpha subunit of the AChR appears to be necessary and sufficient for codistribution of phosphotyrosine with rapsyn-induced clusters of AChR subunits. Finally, transfection of cells with rapsyn activates cellular protein tyrosine kinase activity, resulting in the tyrosine phosphorylation of several membrane-associated proteins. These results suggest that rapsyn may therefore regulate clustering at least in part by regulating the tyrosine phosphorylation of cellular proteins. 相似文献
13.
14.
William A. Apel Michelle R. Walton Patrick R. Dugan 《Fuel Processing Technology》1994,40(2-3):139-149
Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that is believed to be a major contributor to global warming. Studies have shown that significant amounts of CO2 are released into the atmosphere as a result of fossil fuels combustion. Therefore, considerable interest exists in effective and economical technologies for the removal of CO2 from fossil fuel combustion gas streams. This work evaluated the use of autotrophic microbes for the removal of CO2 from coal fired power plant combustion gas streams. The CO2 removal rates of the following autotrophic microbes were determined: Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Euglena gracilis, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Aphanocapsa delicatissima, Isochrysis galbana, Phaodactylum tricornutum, Navicula tripunctata schizonemoids, Gomphonema parvulum, Surirella ovata ovata, and four algal consortia. Of those tested, Chlorella pyrenoidosa exhibited the highest removal rate with 2.6 g CO2 per day per g dry weight of biomass being removed under optimized conditions. Extrapolation of these data indicated that to remove CO2 from the combustion gases of a coal fired power plant burning 2.4 × 104 metric tons of coal per day would require a bioreactor 386 km2 × 1 m deep and would result in the production of 2.13 × 105 metric tons (wet weight) of biomass per day. Based on these calculations, it was concluded that autotrophic CO2 removal would not be feasible at most locations, and as a result, alternate technologies for CO2 removal should be explored. 相似文献
15.
M. G. Mecozzi J. Sietsma S. van der Zwaag M. Apel P. Schaffnit I. Steinbach 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2005,36(9):2327-2340
This article deals with the austenite (γ) decomposition to ferrite (α) during cooling of a 0.10 wt pct C-0.49 wt pct Mn steel. A phase-field model is used to simulate this transformation. The
model provides qualitative information on the microstructure that develops on cooling and quantitative data on both the ferrite
fraction formed and the carbon concentration profile in the remaining austenite. The initial austenitic microstructure and
the ferrite nucleation data, derived by metallographic examination and dilatometry, are set as input data of the model. The
interface mobility is used as a fitting parameter to optimize the agreement between the simulated and experimental ferrite-fraction
curve derived by dilatometry. A good agreement between the simulated α-γ microstructure and the actual α-pearlite microstructure observed after cooling is obtained. The derived carbon distribution in austenite during transformation
provides comprehension of the nature of the transformation with respect to the interface-controlled or diffusion-controlled
mode. It is found that, at the initial stage, the transformation is predominantly interface-controlled, but, gradually, a
shift toward diffusion control takes place to a degree that depends on cooling rate. 相似文献
16.
Apel U. Graf H.G. Harendt C. Hofflinger B. Ifstrom T. 《Electron Devices, IEEE Transactions on》1991,38(7):1655-1659
A novel LDMOS transistor structure with breakdown voltages above 100 V has been fabricated in silicon-on-insulator-on-silicon (SOIS). This structure has been fabrication by silicon direct bonding (SDB) and etch-back to a typical film thickness of 1 μm. The silicon carrier layer (handle) serves as a back-gate electrode, which, under proper bias, improves the transistor characteristics significantly. The effective channel length or basewidth is 0.3 μm. Under these conditions, the drift region becomes the current-limiting element. The physics in the drift region in thin silicon films (⩽1 μm) in the transistor on-state is dominated by the injected electrons from the channel. The limitation of the maximum drain current is given by the quasi-saturation effect. Criteria for the further optimization of SOIS LDMOS transistors are presented 相似文献
17.
A Apel C Oh R Chiu B Saville YL Cheng D Rootman 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1995,14(8):659-667
The effect of local cyclosporine therapy upon corneal transplant survival was investigated. A high risk rabbit model with vascularized corneas was used to assess the efficacy of subconjunctivally implanted degradable devices for cyclosporine therapy. Animals were divided into four groups, receiving either no therapy, a placebo PLGA device, or drug containing devices implanted either at the time of transplantation or two weeks previous. The mean survival times of animals in the control and placebo groups were statistically equivalent (21 +/- 4 days vs 18 +/- 4 days). Devices containing CsA improved the survival time of grafts. Predosing the animals with CsA improved the survival time to 28 +/- 7 days, and CsA devices implanted at the time of transplantation increased the survival time to 35 +/- 7 days. The improvement in survival times was consistent with the in vitro drug release profiles. No systemic CsA was detected, suggesting that the effect may have been local. Histological assessment indicated that devices were well tolerated. 相似文献
18.
Aranha AC De Paula Eduardo C Gutknecht N Marques MM Ramalho KM Apel C 《Microscopy research and technique》2007,70(8):745-751
The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the interaction pattern of adhesive systems on laser and bur cavities. Cavities were prepared according to the following groups (n=9): (G1) conventional diamond bur (No. 1013); (G2) Er:YAG laser (250 mJ, 4 Hz, 80.6 J/cm2); (G3) Er,Cr:YSGG laser (3.5 W, 20 Hz, 61.7 J/cm2). After cavity preparation, specimens were divided into three subgroups differing the adhesive systems used (n=3): (GA) AdheSE; (GB) Clearfil standard error (SE) Bond; (GC) Single Bond. After insertion of a micro-hybrid composite resin, the specimens were sectioned across the bonded surface dividing the teeth into two halves, which were prepared for SEM analysis. Cavities prepared with laser appeared to be more irregular than the bur cavities. Different patterns of gap formation and resin tags could be observed, showing the differences, advantages, and disadvantages of both types of cavities. Under the settings of the present study, resin tags were more pronounced in lased dentin than bur prepared dentin independently of the bonding systems used. On the other hand gap formation between dentin and resin in laser prepared cavities was observed suggesting collagen alteration. 相似文献
19.
Selective Ionic Transport: Highly Selective Ionic Transport through Subnanometer Pores in Polymer Films (Adv. Funct. Mater. 32/2016)
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20.
Galina Lasko Markus Apel Antoine Carré Ulrich Weber Siegfried Schmauder 《Advanced Engineering Materials》2012,14(4):236-247
A combination of the phase‐field method for the simulation of the microstructure evolution during solidification with subsequent finite element simulation of fracture appearance in the final solidification structure is proposed for the prediction of the mechanical behavior of Al? Si based casting alloys, including the effect of solidification porosity caused by hydrogen. Metallographic investigations and computer tomographic observations of the as cast microstructure of an Al7%Si0.3%Mg alloy together with the data obtained from mechanical tensile testing are used to compare and validate the simulation results to demonstrate the capabilities as well as current limitations in micromechanical modeling of void containing materials. In micromechanical simulations with the element elimination technique (EET) it is shown that porosity influences the crack path as well as crack propagation by connecting the pores. In the eutectic microstructure without porosity, failure starts to develop in silicon lamellae and proceeds in the ductile matrix. However, in the presence of pores fracture also initiates in silicon, and in the later stages of loading, porosity affects the path of the crack and results in additional crack nucleation, and thus, these pores also influence crack propagation in the matrix. 相似文献