Rationelle Wärmenutzung und -versorgung in der chemischen Industrie

Rational utilization and supply of thermal energy in the chemical industry . The development of energy consumption since 1960 is considered, paying special attention to the consumption trends in industry and the position and consumption structure of the chemical industry. The need for maximum exergonic utilization in steam supply is clearly seen. The various possibilities of energetic utilization are then illustrated for an example of steam supply. Utilization of steam from process waste heat is considered as an illustration, and some comments on the pertinent engineering are made. The possibilities and dangers of condensate recovery from process heat exchangers are mentioned in conclusion.     

Clients' perception of the counselor: The influence of counselor introduction and behavior.

Investigated the relative influence of counselor behavior (as defined by levels of the facilitative core conditions) and of counselor status (as indicated in an introduction) on Ss' perceptions of the counselor. 120 undergraduates viewed a videotaped segment of 1 of 2 staged interviews after receiving an introduction to a high-status or low-status counselor or no introduction at all. Ss then rated their perceptions of the counselor on 3 instruments, which contained 6 scorable factors: Counselor Warmth, Counselor Competence, Counseling Climate, Counselor Comfort, Client Satisfaction, and General Counselor Appeal. Counselor behavior produced a main effect on each of the 6 dependent measures, while counselor introduction produced a main effect on only Counselor Competence and Counselor Comfort. (39 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of extraction temperature and refining on the Halphen-test response of cottonseed oil

Cottonseed oil of higher Halpen-acid-moiety concentration can be obtained by hot hexane extraction of cotton-seed meats from which the oil has already been partially extracted at room temperature. The intensity of the Halphen-test color solution is affected by many nitrogen-containing substances including soybean phosphatides.     

Role of affective meaningfulness and self-concept in the verbal learning styles of White and Black children.

White and Black 5th graders, representing 2 social class and 2 self-concept (Piers-Harris Self-Concept Scale) levels, recalled nouns which they had prerated for likability in a multitrial free recall format. While self-concept failed to have any noticeable influence on the total sample, it interacted significantly with race. As predicted, the high self-concept White Ss recalled positively rated words more readily than negatively rated words, while their low self-concept peers showed no memory predilection. Although the low self-concept Black Ss also reflected no preference for their affective evaluations, the high self-concept Black Ss showed a greater propensity to recall their negatively rated words. Social class had a negligible effect on affective learning styles. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Hygienic level and surface contamination in fresh-cut vegetable production plants

The number of vegetable processing plants has increased during recent years in many countries. At the same time, fresh vegetable products have been implicated by epidemiologic investigations as sources of infection. Fresh vegetables are susceptible to microbial contamination after harvest due to their high water and nutrient contents. Contamination may occur at all stages during production. The aim of this study was to determine the level of surface contamination after cleaning in several fresh-cut vegetable processing plants, and to identify the critical points in the processes and operating rooms. Surface and environmental samples were taken from the plants after cleaning of the processing devices and surfaces. The levels of surface and air hygiene in the vegetable processing factories were determined with different rapid hygiene monitoring methods. The amounts of total aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and β-glucuronidase-positive bacteria, yeasts and moulds on surfaces were measured using Hygicult^® contact plates. ATP bioluminescence was measured luminometrically with an HY-LiTE^®2 equipment. The number of microbes in air was measured with an MAS-100 sampler. The highest levels of total aerobic bacteria, yeasts, Enterobacteriaceae and β-glucuronidase-positive bacteria were detected on machines (cutters, peeling machines etc.). High mean values of ATP were detected e.g. on packaging surfaces (due to high values of wooden boxes) and on cutters. Most of the bacterial counts measured on the surfaces were unacceptable when using the Finnish surface hygiene guidelines as criteria. However, the results should be examined in the context of the type of production and the stage of operation also must be taken into account. Different hygiene areas (FDA, 2008) should be separate enough to allow maintenance of good hygiene in cleaner areas while accepting lower hygiene levels e.g. in primary (early) washing steps. Despite this, the results show that there is a clear need to improve cleaning and hygiene practices in vegetable production. Several practical recommendations were given e.g. concerning cleaning, design of production areas, training of employees and self monitoring of surface hygiene. The information obtained will be used for improvement of practices in the cleaning of vegetable processing factories.