Production and Antimicrobial Activity of 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyde from Bacillus subtilis Strain CU12

Bacillus subtilis strains are known to produce a vast array of antimicrobial compounds. However, some compounds remain to be identified. Disk assays performed in vitro with Bacillus subtilis CU12 showed a significant reduction in mycelial growth of Alternaria solani, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium sambucinum, and Pythium sulcatum. Crude B. subtilis culture filtrates were subsequently extracted with ethyl acetate and butanol. A bioassay guided purification procedure revealed the presence of one major antifungal compound in the butanol extract. Purification of the compound was performed using a reverse-phase C18 solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge and flash column chromatography. NMR data showed that the main antimicrobial compound was a cyclic dimer of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (HPA). This study demonstrated the antimicrobial activity of B. subtilis strain CU12 against phytopathogenic microorganisms is mediated at least in part by the production of HPA. It also suggests that this B. subtilis strain could be effective at controlling pathogens through protection of its ecological niche by antibiosis.     

富裕的理发师[4]

10月12日晴朗 关于人寿保险 时间飞逝,我已经一个多月没有去Roy的理发店了,趁着今天天气晴朗,我又想起这位老朋友,于是决定去探望一下他,顺道向他请教一些保险的问题.在理发店中,Roy异常热情地欢迎我,我们互相寒暄着彼此的近况.     

汽车保险省钱有窍门

最近,美国汽车的保险费率在逐步上升中.2003年,美国的汽车保险费用预期会上升9%,这样从2000年到现在,几乎上升了25%.     

Outcomes in group psychotherapy: Using persuasion theory to increase treatment efficiency.

Attempted to predict the outcomes of group psychotherapy using attitude theory. 34 group therapy patients and their therapists were tested on a questionnaire designed to measure 7 attitudes varying in centrality. At the conclusion of 3 mo of therapy, it was found that among attitudes of medium centrality initial attitude difference between patient and therapist was more strongly related to attitude change than were either attitude similarity or acceptability. However, initial patient-therapist similarity and acceptability of attitudes were related more to patient-rated improvement than was attitude dissimilarity. Results are discussed as they relate to psychotherapy as an interpersonal influence process, predictable by persuasion theory. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Inhibition of nitrification by nitrapyrin,carbon disulphide and trithiocarbonate

We have studied the behaviour of the nitrification inhibitors nitrapyrin (2-chloro-6-trichloromethyl pyridine) and carbon disulphide (CS₂), and of trithiocarbonate ion (CS₃^2?). Solutions of Na₂CS₃ in water or aqueous NH₃ are stable but when added to soil they decompose with evolution of CS₂, which in laboratory tests was complete within hours. In field experiments each material was injected simultaneously with aqueous NH₃ or aqueous urea. Nitrapyrin was held strongly on soil near the centre of the injected band of fertiliser N. It became fully effective only approximately two months after injecting grassland in November (1974 and 1975) with 375 kg N/ha, but approximately one month after injecting winter wheat with 100 kg N/ha in March (1976). In contrast CS₂ itself, or CS₂ generated by CS₃^2?, diffused rapidly from the injected band and markedly inhibited nitrification for up to three months after injecting grassland and up to one month after injecting winter wheat, but had no effect on nitrification later. The main practical implication of the work is that liquid fertilisers supplying NH₄-N may, if mixed with a trithiocarbonate, be injected into grassland in autumn, without risk of substantial nitrate leaching during winter. This extends the period suitable for injection and eases congestion of work normally done in spring.     

Application of Watts's Human Interaction Scale to the study of competence-supporting aspects of day care environments.

Observed 12 2-yr-olds in 2 day-care centers with different adult–child ratios and resources. Ss were videotaped for 45 min in 7–25-min blocks during waking hours. Observations were categorized according to J. C. Watts's (1973) scale for each behavior setting in each center. Results indicate that Ss in the center with the 1:3 adult–child ratio received interaction experiences similar to those reported by Watts for comparably aged children who developed high levels of competence, while Ss in the other center (a 1:6 ratio) received interaction experiences comparable to those reported by Watts for children who developed lower levels of competence. (French summary) (3 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)