Preparation of hydroxy acids by sulfation of oleic and linoleic acids

Summary Monohydroxystearic acids were prepared by sulfation and subsequent hydrolysis of oleic acid, and the effect of reaction conditions on yield was studied. Monohydroxystearic acids were obtained from commercial oleic acid in 72% yield and from pure oleic acid in 86% yield. Conditions for the best yields apparently gave increased amounts of isomeric hydroxy acids. Hydroxy acids prepared by the sulfation and subsequent hydrolysis of linoleic acid were converted to methyl esters, and purified by fractional distillation and low temperature crystallization. Experimental evidence indicates that sulfuric acid reacts with one double bond of linoleic acid to form isomeric monohydroxyoleic acids and with both double bonds to form dihydroxystearic acids. The by-products formed by the sulfation of linoleic acid include both ester-type polymers and additional polymeric material which cannot be converted to monomers by alkaline saponification. When commercial oleic acid is sulfated and subsequently hydrolyzed, the monohydroxystearic acid thus obtained presumably contains monohydroxyoleic acids and dihydroxystearic acids resulting from the linoleic acid present in the starting material. The formation of an unsaponifiable polymer during the sulfation of linoleic acid accounts in part for the lower yield of hydroxy acids obtained from commercial oleic acid, as compared with that of purified oleic acid. One of the laboratories of the Bureau of Agricultural and Industrial Ohemistry, Agricultural Research Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture.     

Flavor reversion in soybean oil

Summary A simulated soybean oil has been synthesized from purified fatty acids. The flavor characteristics of the oil after heat and light treatment are described and compared to those of soybean and cottonseed oils. The generous financial assistance of the National Association of Margarine Manufactures is gratefully acknowledged. Contribution No. 613 from the Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh.     

Hochleistungsoszillographen mit abgeschmolzener Braunscher Röhre

Zusammenfassung Es wird ein neuentwickelter Hochleistungsmeßoszillograph mit abgeschmolzener Braunscher Röhre beschrieben, der in seiner Meßleistung die bisherigen, an der Pumpe betriebenen Kathodenstrahloszillographen erreicht, im Gegensatz zu diesen aber als tragbares Gerät ausgebildet ist. Der Oszillograph arbeitet mit Außenaufnahme mittels Kamera und Linse. Weiterhin wird über einen ebenfalls neuentwickelten Demonstrations-Kathodenstrahloszillographen berichtet, der dazu bestimmt ist, auch in den größten Hörsälen elektrische Vorgänge bis zu Tonfrequenzen hinauf als einmalige Vorgänge zu projizieren.An der Entwicklung der Braunschen Röhrc haben die Herren Dr. H. Bode, Dr. J. Dosse, E. Hentschel und Dr. H. Hinderer, an der Entwicklung der Netzgeräte und des meßtechnischen Teils der Oszillographen hat Herr H. Diebold maßgebenden Anteil. — Frl. Dr. H. Riedl führte die experimentelle Bestimmung der Meßleistung durch. Ihnen allen möchten wir für ihre Mitarbeit unseren besten Dank aussprechen.     

REACTION BETWEEN METALS AND MOLTEN GLASS *

A series of melts of soda-lime-silica glass cullet in contact with various chemical elements was made to determine by observation the extent of the reaction between metal and glass. The heat treatment consisted of a period of two hours at about 1250°C. An atmosphere of hydrogen gas was used to protect the element from oxidation during the the test period. Various colors were produced by Cu, Ag, Au, Se, C, S, and Zr. Black fogs resulted from melts containing Ba, Cr, or V; gray or black fogs with reddish zones resulted from Mg, Ca, Ti, Mn, Si, and Al. A faint blue with large reddish zones was produced by Co. Only slight attack was shown by Fe, Ni, Zn, Cd, Bi, Sn, Pb, Mo, and W.