Response to “On the Radicality of New York’s Reforming the Energy Vision” by Ross Astoria

Dr. Jeff D. Makholm responds to Professor Ross Astoria’s criticms of Dr. Makholm’s submission: “The REVolution yields to a more familiar path: New York’s Reforming the Energy Visition (REV), Electricity Journal 29 (2016), 48–55 as follows.     

Mathematical simulations of the electromagnetic system of a subminiature magnetoelectric engine

This paper is devoted to simulations of a valve electric engine with excitation from high-energy permanent rare-earth magnets. A feature of the design of the engine under consideration is that a stator is manufactured using the polycapillary glass-fiber technique. The conductors of the distributed stator winding are placed in holes pm the tube wall. The cylindrical bipolar rotor is made of iron–neodymium–boron. The assumption accepted in the work during the solving the Laplace equation has made it possible to obtain analytical solutions for the magnetic flux, emf, current, electromagnetic torque, and electromagnetic power.     

A Gas-Recirculation Control System in a Battery of Fuel Cells

Currently, power plants based on hydrogen—oxygen fuel cells are widely used. The advantages of such electrochemical generators are environmental friendliness, efficiency, and a wide power-output range. Some components of such engines are still being developed. One of these components is the working gasrecirculation system, which increases the efficiency of an installation. In addition, this system helps support the water balance in a fuel-cell stack by removing the water that occurs in the cavities of the membrane—electrode block as a result of the electrochemical reaction. With consideration of the complexity of the reactions that occur in an installation, an automatic control system (ACS) is necessary for the gas recirculation system. This article deals with the organization of an automatic control system based on a microprocessor controller, sensors, and actuators, which implements control algorithms for the components of the gas recirculation system.     

Development of method to improve efficiency of residual current device under 1000 V on excavators of mining enterprises

This article presents the results of experimental studies on a coal mine. According to the results, the current of single phase-to-earth fault in the network under 1000 V has a value less than the current of the residual current device set point. This article presents a method aimed to improving the efficiency of the residual current device used on excavators and drill-rings at mining enterprises. Indeed, the method developed to improve the efficiency of residual current devices under 1000 V is based on setting up a direct current into three-phase mains with a fixed set-point of protection against any phase-to-ground insulation damage, where electric equipment is switched off due to increases of capacitance between a conductor and earth when live-line bare-hand touching of electric equipment occurs.     

Intensification of nonlinearity by dispersed events in media with structure and generation of various dominant frequencies in P- and S-waves

A model of a continuum with a structure described by infinite order equations of motion is proposed. In case that a wave is very long as compared with the size of the structure, equations are reduced to the fourth-order equations. A closed equation of motion, including nonlinear, dispersed and wave members, is derived. It is shown that solutions in the form of soliton waves exist only in media where wave velocity grows with pressure. In the media, where soliton waves do not exist, quasi-stationary solutions with multiple frequencies prevail. It is found that the nonlinear effect of multiple frequencies is unexpectedly high even for small deformation as dispersion violently intensifies nonlinear events. Moreover, in the domain of small deformation, there exist solutions for longitudinal and transversal waves with the same length and different frequencies. The solutions for the same length waves with different frequencies most often occur in seismology and seismic explorations.     

The Effects of Annealing After Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) on Mechanical and Magnetic Properties of 49Fe-49Co-2V Alloy

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - Equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) of 49Fe-49Co-2V, also known as Hiperco® 50A or Permendur-2V, greatly improves the strength and ductility of...     

High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of Conventional and Nb-Modified MAR-M246 Ni-Based Superalloy

The present investigations focused on the thermal oxidation of two variants of MAR-M246 alloy having the same contents of Ta and Nb in at. pct, considering the effects of total replacement of Ta by Nb. The alloys were produced by investment casting using high purity elements in induction furnace under vacuum atmosphere. The alloys were oxidized pseudo-isothermally at 800 °C, 900 °C and 1000 °C up to 1000 hours under lab air. Protective oxidation products growing on the surface of the oxidized samples were mainly Al₂O₃, Cr₂O₃. Other less protective oxide such as spinels (NiCr₂O₄ and CoCr₂O₄) and TiO₂ were also detected as oxidation products. The conventional alloy exhibited slight internal oxidation at 800 °C and an enhanced resistance at 900 °C and 1000 °C. The Nb-modified alloy presented an exacerbated internal oxidation and nitridation at 900 °C and 1000 °C and an enhanced resistance at 800 °C. At 1000 °C, Nb-modified alloy was particularly affected by excessive spalling as the main damage mechanisms. From a kinetic point of view, both alloys exhibit the same behavior at 800 °C and 900 °C, with k_p values typical of alumina forming alloys (2 × 10⁻¹⁴ to 3.6 × 10⁻¹³ g² cm⁻⁴ s⁻¹). However, Ta modified alloys exhibited superior oxidation resistance at 1000 °C when compared to the Nb modified alloy due to better adherence of the protective oxide scale.

     

Microstructural Features of Low-Alloy Pipeline Steels that Determine Impact Strength of Welded Joint Heat-Affected Zone

Metallurgist - Microstructural mechanisms reducing the impact strength values of a coarse grained heat-affected zone are studied for two K60 microalloyed steels. Research is conducted on specimens...     

Plastic Deformation Resistance of Steel Grades EP450-Sh and EP823-Sh in Hot and Cold State

Metallurgist - The article presents the results of plastometric studies on hot deformation and studies on the hardening curves in cold deformation of EP450-Sh (12H12M1BFR-Sh) and EP823-Sh...     

Remelting of Iron Shavings with the Synergistic Effect of Minimum Metal Loss

Metallurgist - The well-known technologies of remelting iron shavings lead to significant (30%) losses of metal. An electroslag smelting furnace with graphite electrodes is proposed for remelting...