Model projections for household energy use in India

Energy use in developing countries is heterogeneous across households. Present day global energy models are mostly too aggregate to account for this heterogeneity. Here, a bottom-up model for residential energy use that starts from key dynamic concepts on energy use in developing countries is presented and applied to India. Energy use and fuel choice is determined for five end-use functions (cooking, water heating, space heating, lighting and appliances) and for five different income quintiles in rural and urban areas. The paper specifically explores the consequences of different assumptions for income distribution and rural electrification on residential sector energy use and CO₂ emissions, finding that results are clearly sensitive to variations in these parameters. As a result of population and economic growth, total Indian residential energy use is expected to increase by around 65–75% in 2050 compared to 2005, but residential carbon emissions may increase by up to 9–10 times the 2005 level. While a more equal income distribution and rural electrification enhance the transition to commercial fuels and reduce poverty, there is a trade-off in terms of higher CO₂ emissions via increased electricity use.     

Hardware implementation of fault tolerance NoC core mapping

Due to performance and reliability, network on chip (NoC) is considered to be the future generation interconnect technique for multiple cores in a chip. This paper proposes a system level core mapping technique which improves the performance of the whole system, while rectifying the temporary faults and permanent faults in the system using error correcting codes and spare core. This technique mainly focuses on the core mapping and faults on the system. This results in reliable core mapping and improved performance when a fault-related error occurs on an NoC. At last, the proposed core mapping technique is simulated and verified on FPGA board (Kintex-7 FPGA KC705 Evaluation Kit).     

Development of Reclamation Technology for a Turbo-Shaft Engine

Repair schemes for rectification of deviation and or defects in a turbo-shaft engine have been undertaken for sustaining reliability and availability of airborne equipments. A number of reclamation schemes have been developed and implemented successfully. This paper describes the common defects encountered in the aeroengine under study. The methodology for developing the reclamation scheme has been presented along with few case studies. These schemes have helped in maintaining the fleet effectively and avoiding costly rejections and turnaround time of the aeroengine.     

Implications of private sector participation in power generation—a case study from India

India suffers from widespread shortages of electricity supply. These shortages, among others, are detrimental to the economic growth. The prospects for the next decade do not seem to be much brighter. Efforts in expanding generation capacity by the state-owned electric utilities are hampered by severe resource constraints. Against this backdrop, to mobilize additional resources to help bridge the gap in demand and supply, the Government of India formulated a policy in 1991 with the objective to encourage greater investment by private enterprises in the electricity sector. To study the implications of such an initiative on various stakeholders, viz., public utilities, consumers and private sector, the present paper tries to analyse issues like planned rationing, guarantees to private sector, backing down of existing capacity. Using the state of Karnataka (in Southern India) as a case study, the paper develops multiple scenarios using an integrated mixed integer-programming model. The results show the advantage of marginal non-supply (rationing) of electricity in terms of achieving overall effective supply demand matching as well as providing economic benefits to the state that could be generated through cost savings. The results also show the negative impacts of high guarantees offered to the private sector in terms of the opportunity costs of reduced utilization of both the existing and the new public capacity. The estimated generation losses and the associated economic impacts of backing down of existing and new public capacity on account of guarantees are found to be significantly high. For 2011–12, depending on the type of scenarios, the estimated generation and economic losses are likely to be in the range of 3200–10,000 GWh and Rs. 4200–13,600 million respectively. The impact of these losses on the consumers could be in terms of significant increase in energy bills (in the range of 19–40% for different scenarios) due to rise in tariffs.     

Energy-Aware and Reliability-Aware Mapping for NoC-Based Architectures

Extensive research has been conducted on task scheduling and mapping on a multi-processor system on chip. The mapping strategy on a network on chip (NoC) has a huge effect on the communication energy and performance. This paper proposes an efficient core mapping for NoC-based architectures. Which focus on energy- aware and reliability-aware mapping issues for NoC-based architectures and considers new applications with insignificant inter-processor communication overhead to be added to the system. This methodology was assessed by applying it to various benchmark applications. Simulation results reveal that the proposed mapping algorithm greatly improves the reliability of the system and reduce the communication energy.     

Energy efficiency in India: Assessing the policy regimes and their impacts

In the recent years, India has emerged as one of the fast growing economies of the world necessitating equally rapid increase in modern energy consumption. With an imminent global climate change threat, India will have difficulties in continuing with this rising energy use levels towards achieving high economic growth. It will have to follow an energy-efficient pathway in attaining this goal. In this context, an attempt is made to present India's achievements on the energy efficiency front by tracing the evolution of policies and their impacts. The results indicate that India has made substantial progress in improving energy efficiency which is evident from the reductions achieved in energy intensities of GDP to the tune of 88% during 1980–2007. Similar reductions have been observed both with respect to overall Indian economy and the major sectors of the economy. In terms of energy intensity of GDP, India occupies a relatively high position of nine among the top 30 energy consuming countries of the world.     

Universalization of access to modern energy services in Indian households—Economic and policy analysis

Provision of modern energy services for cooking (with gaseous fuels) and lighting (with electricity) is an essential component of any policy aiming to address health, education or welfare issues; yet it gets little attention from policy-makers. Secure, adequate, low-cost energy of quality and convenience is core to the delivery of these services. The present study analyses the energy consumption pattern of Indian domestic sector and examines the urban–rural divide and income energy linkage. A comprehensive analysis is done to estimate the cost for providing modern energy services to everyone by 2030. A public–private partnership-driven business model, with entrepreneurship at the core, is developed with institutional, financing and pricing mechanisms for diffusion of energy services. This approach, termed as EMPOWERS (entrepreneurship model for provision of wholesome energy-related basic services), if adopted, can facilitate large-scale dissemination of energy-efficient and renewable technologies like small-scale biogas/biofuel plants, and distributed power generation technologies to provide clean, safe, reliable and sustainable energy to rural households and urban poor. It is expected to integrate the processes of market transformation and entrepreneurship development involving government, NGOs, financial institutions and community groups as stakeholders.