真空相变散热器

本文指出了传统钢制散热器的缺点并详细介绍了新型真空相变散热器的结构和工作原理，从而证实了此种散热器的优越性，这对于推进小型燃气锅炉供热系统的广泛应用具有十分重要的意义。     

沉桩挤土效应的参变量有限元分析

参变量有限元法是一种特别适合于岩土类非线性材料数值计算的新方法。应用圆柱形空腔体扩张理论模拟沉桩挤土效应,考虑土体服从Tresca和Drucker-Prager准则的理想弹塑性本构模型,编制了轴对称应变的参变量有限元程序,对圆柱形孔的内壁位移、桩周土体的应力场、位移场进行了计算分析,并与解析解和ANSYS的解作对比,计算结果表明用参变量有限元法分析沉桩挤土效应是有效的和可行的。     

Evaluation of alternative sludge settleability indices

Proposed modifications of the standard sludge volume index (SVI) to eliminate its unpredictable variation with suspended solids (SS) concentration include stirring, conduct of the test at constant SS concentration, and dilution. We have tested these modifications by making correlations between the respective indices and the content of filamentous organisms in activated sludge expressed in terms of total extended filament length. The results indicate that diluted SVI is the best index of sludge settleability among those tested. Correlation of diluted SVI with specific functional relationships between settling velocity and SS concentration would enable the application of this parameter to prediction of thickening capacity in secondary clarifiers.     

Degradation of DBPs' precursors in river water before and after slow sand filtration by photo-Fenton process at pH 5 in a solar CPC reactor

The generation of disinfection by-products during water treatment can be controlled by reducing the levels of precursor species prior to the chlorination step. The Natural Organic Matter (NOM) is the principal organic precursor and conventional removal of pollutants such as coagulation, flocculation and filtration do not guarantee the total NOM removal. In this study the degradation of NOM model compounds (dihydroxy-benzene) as well as the removal of NOM from river water via photo-Fenton process in a CPC solar photo-reactor is presented. The effect of solar activated photo-Fenton reagent at pH 5.0 before and after a slow sand filtration (SSF) in waters containing natural iron species is investigated and the details reported. The results showed that the total transformation of dihydroxy-benzene compounds along a mineralization higher than 80% was obtained. The mineralization of the organic compounds dissolved in natural water was higher than in Milli-Q water, suggesting that the aqueous organic and inorganic components (metals, humic acids and photoactive species) positively affect the photocatalytic process. When 1.0 mg/L of Fe³⁺ is added to the system, the photo-Fenton degradation was improved. Therefore the photo-Fenton reagent could be an interesting complement to other processes for NOM removal. Comparing the response of two rivers as media for the organic compounds degradation it was observed that the NOM photo-degradation rate depends of the water composition.     

Mercury in sport fish from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta region, California, USA

Total mercury (Hg) concentrations were determined in fillet tissue of sport fish captured in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta and surrounding tributaries, a region particularly impacted by historic gold and mercury mining activity. In 1999 and 2000, mercury concentrations were measured in 767 samples from ten fish species. Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), the primary target species, exhibited a median Hg concentration of 0.53 mug g(-1) (N=406). Only 23 largemouth bass (6%) were below a 0.12 mug g(-1) threshold corresponding to a 4 meals per month safe consumption limit. Most of the largemouth bass (222 fish, or 55% of the sample) were above a 0.47 mug g(-1) threshold corresponding to a 1 meal per month consumption limit. Striped bass (Morone saxatilis), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), white catfish (Ameirus catus), and Sacramento pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus grandis) also had relatively high concentrations, with 31% or more of samples above 0.47 mug g(-1). Concentrations were lowest in redear (Lepomis microlophus) and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) sunfish, with most samples below 0.12 mug g(-1), suggesting that targeting these species for sport and subsistence fishing may reduce human dietary exposure to Hg in the region. An improved method of analysis of covariance was performed to evaluate spatial variation in Hg in largemouth bass captured in 2000, while accounting for variability in fish length. Using this approach, Hg concentrations were significantly elevated in the Feather River, northern Delta, lower Cosumnes River, and San Joaquin River regions. In spite of elevated Hg concentrations on all of its tributaries, the central Delta had concentrations that were low both in comparison to safe consumption guidelines and to other locations.     

Column tests of cold-formed steel non-symmetric lipped angle sections

The geometry of angle sections is simple, but the behaviour and design calculations of angle sections can be quite complicated. Furthermore, lipped angle sections with unequal flange widths form a non-symmetric section and the behaviour of the section is even more complicated than a singly-symmetric angle section with equal flange widths. A test program on cold-formed steel non-symmetric lipped angle columns is presented. The non-symmetric angle sections were brake-pressed from high strength structural steel sheets having nominal yield stresses of 450 and 550 MPa with plate thicknesses of 1.0, 1.5 and 1.9 mm. The material properties of the column specimens were obtained by tensile coupon tests. The behaviour and strengths of cold-formed steel non-symmetric lipped angle columns were investigated. The test strengths are compared with the design strengths calculated using the North American Specification for the design of cold-formed steel structural members. In addition, the current design rules in the North American Specification for cold-formed steel non-symmetric lipped angle columns are assessed using reliability analysis. It is shown that the design strengths are generally quite conservative.     

新型热解吸仪在室内空气TVOC检测中的应用

对购买的北京某厂生产的新型热解吸仪在室内空气TVOC浓度检测中进行试用,发现存在拖尾和高沸点组分丢失的问题。通过分析热解吸仪的程控电路和气路工作原理,找到了出现拖尾和高沸点组分丢失现象的一些原因,进而设计出初步解决方法,并通过实践进行了验证。     

报告之一：悉尼绿色奥运：推动可持续发展

由第29届奥林匹克运动会科学技术委员会和北京“2008”工程建设指挥部共同主办的绿色材料与绿色奥运国际研讨会6月14—16日在京举行。在这次国际研讨会上,来自悉尼奥运会组委会和日本世博会组委会、相关行业协会、研究机构、企业的专家就绿色材料在大型活动中应用的经验、奥运工程建设及奥运运营服务队对绿色材料的需求和应用等问题进行了探讨。本刊节选刊出这次研讨会相关会议报告的部分精彩内容,以飨读者。     

Effect of current density and oil concentration on hydrodynamic aspects in electroflotation column during oil/water emulsion treatment

The objective of this work is to study the efficiency of electroflotation process by treatment of effluent from vegetable oil refining industry in the form of oil–water emulsion. We will interest in hydrodynamic aspects in electroflotation columns. We will study the effect of current density and oil concentration on bubbles diameter, bubbles rise velocity, Reynolds number and the effect of the latter on the efficiency of the oil recovery. To evaluate bubble’s characteristics we used the method of video recording followed by an image processing, view of its simplicity this method is used widely. The different bubbles flow regimes were predicted by the calculation of Reynolds number. The efficiency of the process was estimated from turbidity.     

Morphological, structural and optical properties of GaN grown on porous silicon/Si(100) substrate

In the present paper, we report results of GaN layers grown at 800 °C by metal organic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE) on porous silicon (PS) formed on Si(100) substrates. The surface morphology and the crystallinity of the GaN films were characterized by scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. It was shown that GaN grows on PS preferentially on hexagonal polycrystalline form. The SEM observation reveals roughly surface textured by disoriented GaN grains having different shapes and sizes. The surface coverage and the wetting of GaN to PS are improved when the thickness of GaN layer increases. The optical properties of GaN layers were examined by PL and CL at low and room temperatures. Besides, the near edge-band (BE) emission, shows yellow (YL) and deep localized excitons bands at approximately 2.2 and 3.3-3.36 eV respectively. The depth CL analysis shows a spatial variation of the dominating YL and BE emissions as the electron beam energy rises from 3 to 25 kV.