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951.
An important aspect of the vehicle routing problem (VRP) that has been largely overlooked is the use of satellite facilities to replenish vehicles during a route. When possible, satellite replenishment allows the drivers to continue making deliveries until the close of their shift without necessarily returning to the central depot. This situation arises primarily in the distribution of fuels and certain retail items. When demand is random, optimizing customer routes a priori may result in significant additional costs for a particular realization of demand. Satellite facilities are one way of safeguarding against unexpected demand. This paper presents a branch and cut methodology for solving the VRP with satellite facilities subject to capacity and route time constraints. We begin with a mixed-integer linear programming formulation and then describe a series of valid inequalities that can be used to cut off solutions to the linear programming relaxation. Several separation heuristics are then outlined that are used to generate the cuts. Embedded in the methodology is a VRP heuristic for finding good feasible solutions at each stage of the computations. Results are presented for a set of problems derived from our experience with a leading propane distributor. 相似文献
952.
热浸镀铝护栏的生产通过除油→除锈→烘干→热浸镀→精整等过程完成,最佳热浸镀温度为730~750℃,保温时间3~8min,护栏提升速度1m/s 相似文献
953.
We studied 722 reexcision scars of benign and malignant lesions (except melanocytic lesions) excised over a 24-month period. The formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections were examined histologically and immunohistochemically. The histological features of melanocytic hyperplasia were present in 59 cases (8%), 56 from the sun-exposed skin of the face and neck and three from the trunk [p < 0.00001]. The most common sites were the nose and lower eyelids, but the forehead was also frequently involved. Of the 59 patients, 41 were women (p < 0.0001). Basal cell carcinoma was the most frequent original lesion in both sexes (80%). No melanocytic hyperplasia was found in 663 cases (298 on the trunk and extremities and 365 on the head and neck). We have seen this reaction pattern following reexcision of melanocytic lesions as well. Thus, interpreting reexcision margins when lentigo maligna or similar lesions are reexcised may be fraught with difficulty. It is important for pathologists and dermatopathologists to recognize this phenomenon because histologically the presence of increased numbers of large melanocytes could be misinterpreted as melanoma in situ. 相似文献
954.
The lateral shift of focus diffracted and reflected beam and resolving power, insertion loss of a five channel grating spectrometer for 25 to 100 GHz are experimentally investigated. And some analysis for these results are also given. 相似文献
955.
A triaxial omega medium, which can be artificially realised by embedding three types of omega-shaped particles in an isotropic host medium, is proposed. The Green dyadic and the electromagnetic field of a dipole radiator are presented, by introducing a set of auxiliary fields and coordinate transformation 相似文献
956.
957.
Chung S.S. Shui-Ming Cheng Lee R.G.-H. Song-Nian Kuo Mong-Song Liang 《Electron Devices, IEEE Transactions on》1997,44(12):2220-2226
This paper reports a simple I-V method for the first time to determine the lateral lightly-doped source/drain (S/D) profiles (n- region) of LDD n-MOSFETs. One interesting result is the direct observation of the reverse-short-channel effect (RSCE). It is observed that S/D n- doping profile is channel length dependent if reverse short-channel effect exists as a result of the interstitial imperfections caused by Oxide Enhanced Diffusion (OED) or S/D implant. Not only the lateral profiles for long-channel devices but also for short-channel devices can be determined. One other practical application of the present method for device drain engineering has been demonstrated with a LATID MOS device drain engineering work. It is convincible that the proposed method is well suited for the characterization and optimization of submicron and deep-submicron MOSFETs in the current ULSI technology 相似文献
958.
959.
PZT铁电薄膜的制备及电学性能研究 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:5
使用硝酸锆作锆源的溶胶-凝胶方法制备PZT铁电薄膜。他们的电学性能被测试包括电滞回线,电流I(t)特性,漏电流,矫顽场疲劳和老化。测到的PZT薄膜剩余极化8.2μC/cm~2,矫顽场68kV/cm.簿膜的寿命可超过10~(11)周期。 相似文献
960.
采用Cr_(25)Al_5合金进行煤渣/种子条件下静态腐蚀试验(温度1373-1573k,时间50-150hr),试验后得出三种温度下腐蚀重量变化与腐蚀时间的关系,并借助金相显微镜、扫描电镜和俄歇分析进行有关形貌及成份分析,试验表明,温度是材料腐蚀的主要因素,在1473k条件下材料的抗蚀性最好,Al、Si元素在腐蚀过渡层中富集,Cr元素变化不大,但有从基体向外扩散的趋势。由此,这一材料若能进一步改进,可望在控制壁面温度的半热壁型通道中进行试验研究。 相似文献