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61.
The effect of end groups (2NH2) of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) on the miscibility and crystallization behaviors of binary crystalline blends of PEG/poly(L ‐lactic acid) (PLLA) were investigated. The results of conductivity meter and dielectric analyzer (DEA) implied the existence of ions, which could be explained by the amine groups of PEG gaining the protons from the carboxylic acid groups of PLLA. The miscibility of PEG(2NH2)/PLLA blends was the best because of the ionic interaction as compared with PEG(2OH, 1OH‐1CH3, and 2CH3)/PLLA blends. Since the ionic interaction formed only at the chain ends of PEG(2NH2) and PLLA, unlike hydrogen bonds forming at various sites along the chains in the other PEG/PLLA blend systems, the folding of PLLA blended with PEG(2NH2) was affected in a different manner. Thus the fold surface free energy played an important role on the crystallization rate of PLLA for the PEG(2NH2)/PLLA blend system. PLLA had the least fold surface free energy and the fast crystallization rate in the PEG(2NH2)/PLLA blend system, among all the PEG/PLLA systems studied. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 相似文献
62.
Han‐Lang Wu Chen‐Chi M. Ma Chun‐Chieh Lin Yie‐Chan Chiu Chih‐Yuan Chen Chin‐Lung Chiang 《应用聚合物科学杂志》2008,107(5):3236-3243
Poly(arylene ether benzonitrile) (PAEBN) was synthesized with 2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile and biphenol. PAEBNs with various molecular weights (MWs), 1,640,000 and 185,000 g/mol, were synthesized by control of the stoichiometry of the monomers and were blended with sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK). The effects of MW on the water uptake, swelling, methanol permeability, and proton conductivity of the SPEEK/PAEBN blend membranes were investigated. The molecular mobility of the SPEEK/PAEBN blends was also examined in this study. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 相似文献
63.
Solution-chemistry analysis of ammonium bicarbonate consumption in rare-earth-element precipitation 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
R. Chi Z. Zhou Z. Xu Y. Hu G. Zhu S. Xu 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B》2003,34(5):611-617
A solution-chemistry analysis is applied to estimating the consumption of ammonium bicarbonate in the recovery of rare-earth
(RE) elements from leachates of weathered clays. The theoretical analysis shows that a two-step process is needed for recovering
RE from the leachates of the weathered clays by precipitation using ammonium bicarbonate. The first step is a precipitation
at solution pH 5 to remove impurities such as Fe and Al. The second step is to precipitate RE by adjusting the solution pH
above 8. The consumption of ammonium bicarbonate was found to depend on the concentration of RE elements and impurities in
the leachates. The total amount of ammonium bicarbonate consumption for the entire process was determined experimentally,
and the results showed an excellent agreement with that calculated based on solution-chemistry analysis. The decomposition
of H2CO3 was identified as one of the main causes of ammonium bicarbonate overdose, accounting for up to 41 pct in comparison to 20
pct consumption for the removal of impurities. The amount of ammonium bicarbonate required in terms of the NH4HCO3: RE2O3 (RE oxides) molar ratio was found to be 4:1 for maximal RE recovery. An overall RE recovery around 90 pct was achieved with
a product purity being about 90 pct. 相似文献
64.
IR‐to‐visible up‐conversion fluorescent nanocrystals of hexagonal‐phase NaYF4:20 %Yb,2 %Er and NaYF4:20 %Yb,2 %Tm have been synthesized by decomposition of multiprecursors of CF3COONa, (CF3COO)3Y, (CF3COO)3Yb, and (CF3COO)3Er/(CF3COO)3Tm in oleylamine at 330 °C. The average particle size is 10.5 ± 0.7 nm (from random measurements of 200 particles from five transmission electron microscopy images) and 11.1 ± 1.3 nm (from dynamic‐light‐scattering measurements). The up‐conversion fluorescence intensity of the hexagonal nanocrystals in this work is much higher than that of other cubic‐phase NaYF4:Yb,Er nanocrystals, including the ones in this work (by a factor of 7.5). Mechanisms for nucleation and growth of the hexagonal‐phase nanoparticles are proposed. These nanocrystals are easily dispersed in organic solvents, producing a transparent colloidal solution. The hydrophobic surfaces of the particles are made hydrophilic using a bipolar surfactant. These nanoparticles and their dispersions in various media have potential applications in optical nanodevices and bioprobes. 相似文献
65.
66.
An initial Bentall operation was performed on a patient aged 38 years with annuloaortic ectasia and aortic regurgitation. An echocardiogram and RI angiogram revealed a perigraft aortic aneurysm on the same patient aged 45 years. The aneurysm gradually developed and the maximum diameter reached 90 mm in size. The Redo-Bentall operation (Piehler modification) was successfully done once again on the same patient aged 56 years. The anastmosis between the right coronary orifice and the graft was detached on all sides. The anastmosis between the left coronary orifice and the graft was detached two thirds of all sides. 相似文献
67.
Electron transfer by domain movement in cytochrome bc1 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Z Zhang L Huang VM Shulmeister YI Chi KK Kim LW Hung AR Crofts EA Berry SH Kim 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,392(6677):677-684
The cytochrome bc1 is one of the three major respiratory enzyme complexes residing in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Cytochrome bc1 transfers electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c and uses the energy thus released to form an electrochemical gradient across the inner membrane. Our X-ray crystal structures of the complex from chicken, cow and rabbit in both the presence and absence of inhibitors of quinone oxidation, reveal two different locations for the extrinsic domain of one component of the enzyme, an iron-sulphur protein. One location is close enough to the supposed quinol oxidation site to allow reduction of the Fe-S protein by ubiquinol. The other site is close enough to cytochrome c1 to allow oxidation of the Fe-S protein by the cytochrome. As neither location will allow both reactions to proceed at a suitable rate, the reaction mechanism must involve movement of the extrinsic domain of the Fe-S component in order to shuttle electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c1. Such a mechanism has not previously been observed in redox protein complexes. 相似文献
68.
From 1970 to 1992 a total of 63 patients underwent operation for ampullary tumor: 40 pancreatoduodenectomies (PDs), 3 total PDs, 8 ampullectomies, and 12 bypass or exploratory laparotomies. The resectability rate was 68%. There were 9 benign tumors, 1 anaplastic tumor, and 53 adenocarcinomas. According to Martin's classification, there were 7 stage I, 11 stage II, 14 stage III, and 21 stage IV tumors. All patients with stage I, II, and III tumors underwent resection. Patients with stage IV tumors had either resection (n = 11) or bypass (n = 10). The mean duration of hospital stay was 20.6 days. Operative mortality was 12.7% for the whole series and 7.5% after PD (2.5% for the last 10 years). Overall survival was 40% at 5 years (85% for stage I, 65% for stage II, 44% for stage III, and 8% for stage IV). Survival was better for stages I, II, and III after PD than after ampullectomy. For stage IV patients survival was 70% after PD versus 20% after bypass at 1 year and 25% versus 0% after 2 years. In our opinion, PD should be proposed even for benign lesions because two of our patients had to undergo repeat operation (PD) 4 and 22 years later, respectively, for stage IV disease. PD is our choice for all tumors of the ampulla. 相似文献
69.
Wai Ho Mow 《IEEE transactions on information theory / Professional Technical Group on Information Theory》1998,44(2):775-778
The standard upper bound on discrete entropy was derived based on the differential entropy bound for continuous random variables. A tighter discrete entropy bound is derived using the transformation formula of Jacobi theta function. The new bound is applicable only when the probability mass function of the discrete random variable satisfies certain conditions. Its application to the class of binomial random variables is presented as an example 相似文献
70.
Optimal Conditions for Preparing Ultra-Fine CeO2 Powders in A Submerged Circulative Impinging Stream Reactor 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cerium carbonate powders were produced in a submerged circulation impinging stream reactor (SCISR) from Ce(NO3)3·6H2O. NH4HCO3 was used as a precipitant in the reaction. Cerium carbonate powders were roasted to produce ultra-fine cerium dioxide (CeO2) powders. The optimal conditions of such production process were obtained by orthogonal and one-factor experiments. The results showed that ultra-fine and narrowly distributed cerium carbonate powders were produced under the optimal flowing conditions. The concentrations of Ce(NO3)3 and NH4HCO3 solutions were 0.25 and 0.3 mol·L-1, respectively. The concentration of PEG4000 added in these two solutions was 4 g·L-1. The stirring ratio, reaction temperature, feeding time, solution pH, reaction time and digestion time were 900 r·min-1, 80 ℃, 20 min, 5~6, 5 min and 1 h, respectively. The final product, CeO2 powders, was obtained by roasting the produced cerium carbonate in air for 3 h at 500 ℃. The finally produced CeO2 powders were torispherical particles with a narrow size distribution of 0.8~2.5 μm. The crystal structure of CeO2 powders belonged to cubic crystal system and its space point group was O5H-FM3M. Under optimal conditions, powders produced by SCISR were finer and more narrowly distributed than that by Stirred Tank Reactor (STR). 相似文献