一种可调节电流的电流型PWM直流转换器

介绍一种用于驱动发光二极管(LED)的可调节电流的电流型PWM直流转换器.该直流转换器由于接有一个外接电阻,可以通过调节外接电阻的大小来调节输出电流.输出电流调节范围在5～40mA之间.主要分析了电路的输出电流调节功能,和这种输出电流可变的电流型PWM直流转换器的电流和电压反馈环的反馈实现原理.并简要介绍了这种带电流调节功能的PWM直流转换器的工作原理,最后给出了电路在输出不同电流时使用HSPICE软件对反馈参考电压,PWM锁存器输出波形的仿真结果.     

Effects of potential and heat treatment on phase transition of alumina dielectric layer

The characteristics and growth behaviors of alumina dielectric layer formed by anodic oxidation were investigated. The aluminum oxide layer anodized at 400 V was predominantly amorphous alumina, but at the applied potentials more than 500 V, amorphous and crystalline γ-alumina were existed in anodic oxide layer and the ratio of γ-alumina increased with the increasing applied potential. During the heat treatment at 600^°C or higher temperature, amorphous alumina layer was transformed into the crystalline γ-alumina. The phase transition of anodic amorphous alumina into crystalline depends on anodic applied potentials and heat-treatment temperatures.     

The slot-coupled hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna with a parasitic patch: applications to the circularly polarized antenna and wide-band antenna

The aperture-coupled hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with a parasitic patch is studied rigorously. Using the Green's function approach, integral equations for the unknown patch and slot currents are formulated and solved using the method of moments. The theory is utilized to design a circularly polarized (CP) DRA and a wide-band linearly polarized (LP) DRA. In the former, the CP frequency and axial ratio (AR) can easily be controlled by the patch location and patch size, respectively, with the impedance matched by varying the slot length and microstrip stub length. It is important that the AR will not be affected when the input impedance is tuned, and the CP design is therefore greatly facilitated. For the wide-band LP antenna, a maximum bandwidth of 22% can be obtained, which is much wider than the previous bandwidth of 7.5% with no parasitic patches. Finally, the frequency-tuning characteristics of the proposed antenna are discussed. Since the parasitic patch can be applied to any DRAs, the method will find applications in practical DRA designs.     

Sensitivity of LR 115 SSNTD in a diffusion chamber

Solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs), such as LR 115, have been commonly used in diffusion chambers for long-term measurements of radon gas concentrations. For the LR 115 SSNTD, it has been found that the active layer removed during chemical etching is significantly affected by the presence and amount of stirring, and thus cannot be controlled easily. However, the sensitivity of the LR 115 detector inside a diffusion chamber to the radon and/or thoron gas concentration is dependent on the actual removed active layer thickness. This relationship is dependant on the geometry of the diffusion chamber and the deposition fraction of ²¹⁸Po in the diffusion chamber, as well as the V function for the LR 115 detector (V is the ratio between the track etch velocity V_t to the bulk etch velocity V_b). This paper presents the experimentally determined relationships between the sensitivity of the LR 115 detector inside a Karlsruhe diffusion chamber and the removed active layer thickness, for both radon and thoron. A V function was adjusted to simulate the relationships. In particular, for the case of ²²²Rn, we have found f ∼ 0.5, where f is the fraction of ²¹⁸Po which decays inside the diffusion chamber before deposition onto available inner surfaces of the chamber. In conclusion, we have found that the sensitivities critically depend on the actual removed active layer thickness, so this should be monitored and used in determining the sensitivities.     

Minimizing total weighted completion time when scheduling orders in a flexible environment with uniform machines

We consider the scheduling of orders in an environment with m uniform machines in parallel. Each order requests certain amounts of k different product types. Each product type can be produced by any one of the m machines. No setup is required if a machine switches over from one product type to another. Different product types intended for the same order can be produced at the same time (concurrently) on different machines. Each order is released at time zero and has a positive weight. Preemptions are allowed. The completion time of an order is the finish time of the product type that is completed last for that order. The objective is to minimize the total weighted completion time. We propose heuristics for the non-preemptive as well as the preemptive case and obtain worst case bounds that are a function of the number of machines as well as the differences in the speeds of the machines. Even though the worst-case bounds we showed for the two heuristics are not very tight, our experimental results show that they yield solutions that are very close to optimal.     

Articulatory-feature-based confidence measures

Confidence measures are computed to estimate the certainty that target acoustic units are spoken in specific speech segments. They are applied in tasks such as keyword verification or utterance verification. Because many of the confidence measures use the same set of models and features as in recognition, the resulting scores may not provide an independent measure of reliability. In this paper, we propose two articulatory feature (AF) based phoneme confidence measures that estimate the acoustic reliability based on the match in AF properties. While acoustic-based features, such as Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC), are widely used in speech processing, some recent works have focus on linguistically based features, such as the articulatory features that relate directly to the human articulatory process which may better capture speech characteristics. The articulatory features can either replace or complement the acoustic-based features in speech processing. The proposed AF-based measures in this paper were evaluated, in comparison and in combination, with the HMM-based scores on phoneme and keyword verification tasks using children’s speech collected for a computer-based English pronunciation learning project. To fully evaluate their usefulness, the proposed measures and combinations were evaluated on both native and non-native data; and under field test conditions that mis-matches with the training condition. The experimental results show that under the different environments, combinations of the AF scores with the HMM-based scores outperforms HMM-based scores alone on phoneme and keyword verification.     

On a responsive replenishment system: a fuzzy logic approach

In today's competitive business environment, it is important that customers are able to obtain their preferred items in the shops they visit, particularly for convenience store chains such as 7–Eleven where popular items are expected to be readily available on the shelves of the stores for buyers. To minimize the cost of running such store chains, it is essential that stocks be kept to a minimum and at the same time large varieties of popular items are available for customers. In this respect, the replenishment system needs to be able to cope with the taxing demands of minimal inventory but at the same time keeping large varieties of needed items. This paper proposes a replenishment system which is able to respond to the fluctuating demands of customers and provide a timely supply of needed items in a cost–effective way. The proposed system embraces the principle of fuzzy logic which is able to deal with uncertainties by virtue of its fuzzy rules reasoning mechanism, thereby leveraging the responsiveness of the entire replenishment system for the chain stores. To validate the feasibility of the approach, a case study has been conducted in an emulated environment with promising results.     

Synthesis and characterization of a novel proton‐exchange membrane for fuel cells operating at high temperatures and low humidities

The synthesis of a p‐toluidine/formaldehyde (PTF) resin was performed, and the effects of the molar ratio of the individual monomers and the polymerization conditions on the structure of the PTF resin were studied. Fourier transform infrared and ¹³C‐NMR spectra were used to characterize the PTF. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction patterns revealed the crystalline structures of various PTFs. Polarized optical microscopy revealed that the molar ratio of the monomers had a strong effect on the crystalline morphologies. A longer polymerization time turned out a polymer with a higher intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight, which led to differences in the proton conductivity. All of the PTFs showed a higher proton conductivity than a commercial Nafion membrane at 90–100°C and 0% relative humidity. The proton conductivity of the PTF series could be improved by sulfonation with sulfuric acid and could be maintained after blending with polyurethane. Pure methanol could be used as a fuel source because of the insolubility and nonwetting properties of PTF in methanol to increase the output current density for a PTF membrane electrode assembly. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008     

Scaling laws and internal structure for characterizing electrospun poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] fibers

Using chloroform/dimethylformamide (CF/DMF) co-solvent, electrospinning of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (PHB) solutions was carried out at ambient temperature. The effects of the applied voltage (V), flow-rate (Q), and solution viscoelastic properties on the Taylor cone, electrified jet, and fiber morphology were investigated. In addition, the electric field developed by the needle-plate electrode configuration was calculated using a finite element analysis to reveal the tip-to-collector (H) effect. Among the processing parameters (V, Q and H), it was found that Q played a key role in determining the jet diameter (d_j) and electrospun fiber diameter (d_f), and scaling laws existed between them, i.e., d_j-Q^0.61 and d_f-Q^0.33. The diameter reduction ratios of D_o/d_j (D_o is the needle diameter) and d_j/d_f were measured as 50-120 and 5-10, respectively; it suggested that major jet stretching took place in the straight electrified jet region, and further chain orientation could be gained by the subsequent process of jet whipping. By changing PHB concentrations from 5 to 15 wt%, the solution viscosity (η_o) was increased from 100 to 4900 cP, whereas the surface tension and solution conductivity remained unchanged; it provided a good model solution to exclusively reveal the η_o effect on the electrospinning process. Our results showed that the η_o-dependence of d_j and d_f also followed simple scaling laws: d_j-η_o^0.06, and d_f-η_o^0.39, with a prefactor depending on the processing variables, mainly the flow-rate. Regardless of the PHB concentrations used, the obtained PHB fibers showed a similar crystallinity fraction of ca. 0.63 and possession of major α-crystals together with a small amount of β-crystals with zigzag chain conformation.