Firefighter Nozzle Reaction

Nozzle reaction and hose tension are analyzed using conservation of fluid momentum and assuming steady, inviscid flow and a flexible hose in frictionless contact with the ground. An expression that is independent of the bend angle is derived for the hose tension. If this tension is exceeded owing to anchor forces, the hose becomes straight. The nozzle reaction is found to equal the jet momentum flow rate, and it does not change when an elbow connects the hose to the nozzle. A forward force must be exerted by a firefighter or another anchor that matches the forward force that the jet would exert on a perpendicular wall. Three reaction expressions are derived, allowing it to be determined in terms of hose diameter, jet diameter, flow rate, and static pressure upstream of the nozzle. The nozzle reaction predictions used by the fire service are 56% to 90% of those obtained here for typical firefighting hand lines. Sharing these findings with the fire protection community can improve the safety of firefighters.     

Effects and properties of poly(arylene ether benzonitrile)s of various molecular weights blended with sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)

Poly(arylene ether benzonitrile) (PAEBN) was synthesized with 2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile and biphenol. PAEBNs with various molecular weights (MWs), 1,640,000 and 185,000 g/mol, were synthesized by control of the stoichiometry of the monomers and were blended with sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK). The effects of MW on the water uptake, swelling, methanol permeability, and proton conductivity of the SPEEK/PAEBN blend membranes were investigated. The molecular mobility of the SPEEK/PAEBN blends was also examined in this study. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

基于等效时间的早期混凝土温度裂缝分析

基于等效时间的混凝土绝热温升、热传导方程，考虑温度对早期混凝土水化热化学反应速率和徐变特性的影响，计算了大体积混凝土墙中心的温升。采用裂缝带模型计算温度裂缝，用半解析迭代法进行了混凝土墙的温度应力和开裂计算。     

Development and application of a real-time water environment cyberinfrastructure for kayaker safety in the Apostle Islands,Lake Superior

Assessing all pertinent environmental variables to categorize a skill level to safely navigate the water environment can be difficult for inexperienced kayakers, especially at a remote site where internet access is limited. A real-time kayaker safety assessment of water environmental conditions at the Mainland Sea Caves of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, Lake Superior is achieved. We present a new cyberinfrastructure that provides kayakers with real-time data access and a Safety Index (SI) with consideration of multiple environmental factors to characterize the degree of navigational difficulty for classifying kayaker skill levels. Specifically, radar reflectivity is added to improve forecasts of dangerous conditions caused by convective storms using state-of-the-art weather and wave modeling. Spectral characteristics of surface waves are employed to correlate the occurrences of extreme and freak waves. In addition, unexpectedly dangerous conditions like coastal upwelling and freak wave occurrence due to changing wind directions are considered. A contingency plan is implemented to handle the issue of possibly missing required environmental data. Display of the SI and visualization of other real-time environmental data are communicated by a power-efficient kiosk. Web analytics demonstrates a public interest in real-time water conditions and the need for the on-site kiosk to provide the latest information before kayakers enter the water. The new real-time water environment cyberinfrastructure for kayaker safety in the Apostle Islands, Lake Superior has been successfully operated since 2014.     

单频干扰逼近误差分析

在各种单频干扰识别与消除方法中,首先要准确估算出单频干扰的振幅、频率和时延三个参数,才能有效消除单频干扰。这三个参数的估算误差会引起单频干扰的估算误差。在余弦函数逼近中,由于频率和时延两个参数估算误差,可以引起振幅的计算误差和单频干扰的计算误差。而在正余弦函数逼近中,由于频率参数估算误差,可以引起正余弦函数振幅的计算误差和单频干扰的计算误差。为此本文定量计算了三个参数误差引起的单频干扰计算误差,以及频率、时延参数估算误差引起的振幅参数计算误差。理论和实际数据的单频干扰逼近误差分析结果表明:为准确估算余弦函数振幅和单频干扰,频率估算精度至少应为0.01Hz,时延估算精度为0.1;准确估算正余弦函数振幅和单频干扰,频率估算精度至少应为0.01Hz。     

多属性微断裂解释技术

四川盆地九龙山地区侏罗系珍珠冲组砾岩段气藏为构造—岩性气藏,受构造、储层、裂缝等多因素控制,并受地震资料品质和解释思路的影响,应用地震剖面、常规相干体切片不能对微断裂进行精细刻画。文中在构造导向滤波的基础上联合运用谱分解、新一代相干体切片和体曲率技术,精细刻画了微断裂的空间展布规律,说明多属性微断裂识别技术是可靠的断裂识别手段,其中体曲率属性对断层及微断裂的刻画更为清晰。野外地质考察及最新钻、测井资料的验证结果表明,珍珠冲组砾岩段微断裂十分发育,以北东、北西向为主。     

利用MCMC方法估算地震参数

本文介绍了用MCMC(马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛)方法估计地震参数的基本原理及应用。首先利用MCMC方法生成马尔可夫链,然后对链进行统计分析,得到未知参数的估计值。在运用Metropolis-Hastings算法生成马尔可夫链时,可随着迭代次数的增加逐渐减小其游走的步长,以确保迭代初期较早收敛到真值附近,迭代后期在真值附近能得到精度较高的估计值。模型试算结果表明:反演结果与理论模型基本吻合,实际资料的应用效果也证明了算法的有效性。     

冷凝锅炉尾部翅片管束换热器的复合放热特性及节能效果

介绍了一台燃气锅炉在尾部加装翅片管束冷凝换热装置后的实炉运行情况及节能效果。运行结果表明：加装分离式冷凝换热器回收燃气锅炉尾气中的显热与潜热,技术措施可行,节能效果明显,热效率提高6％以上,经济效益可观。通过实炉实验研究还获得了低烟速下含有水蒸气冷凝换热的翅片管束复合放热特性实验关联式,可供设计及运行单位参考。     

用于家用空调器的纯耐强(R)(Genetron(R))HCFC替代品

本文主要介绍在家用空调器中替代HCFC-22的替代物的运用.目前主要用于替代R-22的两种首选替代物是Genetron AZ-20(R-410A)和Genetron 407C,本文的第一部分主要从空调器生产费用方面对这两种制冷剂进行分析比较,第二部分则以一台典型的美国单元分体空调器作为\"性能/费用\"模型来对这两种制冷剂进行分析比较,最终得出结论:生产R-410A空调器的冷凝机组有着节约生产费用的潜力.     

Processable and colorless fluorinated poly(ether imide)s based on an isopropylidene‐containing bis(ether anhydride) and various aromatic bis(ether amine)s bearing trifluoromethyl groups

A series of novel organosoluble and light‐colored fluorinated poly(ether imide)s (PEIs) ( IV ) having inherent viscosities of 0.43–0.59 dL/g were prepared from 4,4′‐[1,4‐phenylenbis(isopropylidene‐1,4‐phenyleneoxy)]diphthalic anhydride ( I ) and various trifluoromethyl‐substituted aromatic bis(ether amine)s by a standard two‐step process with thermal and chemical imidization of poly(amic acid) precursors. These PEIs showed excellent solubility in many organic solvents and could be solution‐cast into transparent and tough films. These films were essentially colorless, with an UV–visible absorption edge of 361–375 nm and a very low b* value (a yellowness index) of 15.3–17.0. They also showed good thermal stability with glass‐transition temperature of 191–248°C, 10% weight loss temperature in excess of 494°C, and char yields at 800°C in nitrogen more than 39%. The thermally cured PEI films showed good mechanical properties with tensile strengths of 83–96 MPa, elongations at break of 8–11%, and initial moduli of 1.7–2.0 GPa. They possessed lower dielectric constants of 3.25–3.72 (1 MHz). In comparison with the V series nonfluorinated PEIs, the IV series showed better solubility, lower color intensity, and lower dielectric constants. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 620–628, 2007