Analysis of a stiffener intersection eccentricity in a steel containment

Containment structures have several regions in which the continuity of the cylindrical pressure boundary is interrupted, e.g., shell penetrations, discontinuous stiffeners, and changes in the shell thickness. Significant strain concentrations can occur in these areas of discontinuity. The Sandia National Laboratories 1:8-scale steel containment equipment hatch was analyzed as an example of an eccentricity at a stiffener intersection.A portion of the as-built 1:8-scale model was modeled with the ANSYS general purpose finite element program using triangular, thin shell finite elements. The overall size of the model was determined from Saint-Venant type considerations of the stress field around the hatch. Shell elements were used to model the ring and formed stiffeners. Geometric and material nonlinear behavior were included. The model was loaded using discrete load steps up to a pressure of 165 psig. At this pressure, the maximum strain was 19.7 percent in the formed stiffener near its intersection with the ring stiffener. The finite element solution demonstrated the very localized nature of the strain field near the ring/formed stiffener intersection.In an attempt to reduce analysis costs, a small portion of the 1:8-scale model immediately surrounding the ring/formed stiffener intersection was selected for further analysis. Two smaller models, a ring/formed stiffener intersection and a ring/circular stiffener intersection, were studied. The models were significantly smaller than the regions used previously. A comparison of the two intersection models showed that the circular stiffener is a more efficient configuration.     

Phase transformations in highly disperse powders during their rapid heating and cooling

Phase transformations in particles of ultrafine powders of graphite, hexagonal boron nitride, and quartz during rapid heating and cooling by passage through a laser beam were investigated. A continuous infrared laser with a wavelength of 10.6 μm was used as a heat source through which the powders were recycled several times. Methods of concentrating the product phases are described. Particles of diamond, carbides, cubic boron nitride, koesite and stishovite were obtained in the mixed products.     

Synthesis and characterisation of copolyesters from poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(hexamethylene terephthalate)

Copolyesters containing poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(hexamethylene terephthalate) (PHT) were prepared by a melt condensation reaction. The copolymers were characterised by infrared spectroscopy and intrinsic viscosity measurements. The density of the copolyesters decreased with increasing percentage of PHT segments in the backbone. Glass transition temperatures (T_g). melting points (T_m) and crystallisation temperatures (T_c) were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. An increase in the percentage of PHT resulted in decrease in T_g, T_m and T_c. The as-prepared copolyesters were crystalline in nature and no exotherm indicative of cold crystallisation was observed. The relative thermal stability of the polymers was evaluated by dynamic thermogravimetry in a nitrogen atmosphere. An increase in percentage of PHT resulted in a decrease in initial decomposition temperature. The rate of crystallisation of the copolymers was studied by small angle light scattering. An increase in percentage of PHT resulted in an increase in the rate of crystallisation.     

Occupational airway diseases in the metalworking industry Part 1: Respiratory infections, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Occupational airway diseases are now receiving attention in industry, although study is hampered by a lack of readily-available data. The interpretation of the data that is available, and also of the root problems themselves, is itself a difficult problem. This paper has been written as a literature review which it is hoped that other researchers can take either as a starting point or as a refresher.     

Incremental transmission loss allocation under pool dispatch

Incremental transmission loss analysis has been used for decades, but recent interest in its application to loss allocation calls for new in-depth results. This paper demonstrates that, for incremental methods to be applied correctly in loss allocation, it is first necessary to specify the load distribution and loss supply strategies. Incremental loss allocation among bus power injections is shown to be arbitrary and, therefore, open to challenge as discriminatory. Loss allocation is possible among incremental loads and/or generators, but the proportion of the total losses assigned to either one is arbitrary. Unique, nonarbitrary incremental loss allocations are however possible among the "equivalent" incremental bilateral exchanges between generators and loads. From these basic components it is possible then to calculate the allocation among generators or loads in any specified proportion. The main results, although developed initially for small increments, are extended to large variations. Finally, a general incremental loss allocation algorithm is developed and tested