Vitamin C Spray Drying: Study of the Thermal Constraint

Temperature variation in the spray drying method has no effect on the ascorbic acid molecule. No chemical interaction between the colloidal silica and the ascorbic acid could be determined, but a physicochemical interaction “absorption” was determined. Colloidal silica improved the final yield of spray drying in proportion to its concentration. No polymorphic forms could be determined in the spray-dried ascorbic acid. Drug release from the ascorbic acid spray dried was found to be dependent on the Aerosil content: highest release rates were obtained with Aerosil.     

Harvesting Wiki Consensus: Using Wikipedia Entries as Vocabulary for Knowledge Management

Vocabularies that provide unique identifiers for conceptual elements of a domain can improve precision and recall in knowledge-management applications. Although creating and maintaining such vocabularies is generally hard, wiki users easily manage to develop comprehensive, informal definitions of terms, each one identified by a URI. Here, the authors show that the URIs of Wikipedia entries are reliable identifiers for conceptual entities. They also demonstrate how Wikipedia entries can be used for annotating Web resources and knowledge assets and give precise estimates of the amount of Wikipedia URIs in terms of the popular Proton ontology's top-level concepts.     

A Simulation Environment for e-Learning in Digital Design

Deeds is a simulation environment for e-learning in digital electronics. The simulators cover combinational and sequential logic networks, finite state-machine design, and microcomputer interfacing and programming. They are integrated together, and therefore allow the design and test of embedded digital systems. The environment guides students' activities by delivering learning materials through specialized browsers. An extensive collection of learning materials is available. This paper includes an example of activity on a problem assignment.     

A structure/function study of polyaminoamide dendrimers as silica scale growth inhibitors

Dendrimers have attracted immense attention during the last decade due to their interesting properties both from a basic and an applied research viewpoint. Encapsulation of metal nanoparticles for catalysis, drug delivery and light harvesting are only some applications of dendrimers that are breaking new ground. A novel application of dendrimer technology is described in the present paper that relates to industrial water treatment. Industrial water systems often suffer from undesirable inorganic deposits. These can form either in the bulk or on metallic surfaces, such as heat exchangers or pipelines. Silica (SiO₂) scale formation and deposition is a major problem in high‐silica‐containing cooling waters. Scale prevention rather than removal is highly desired. In this paper, benchtop screening tests on various silica inhibition chemistries are reported, with emphasis on materials with a dendrimeric structure. Specifically, the inhibition properties of commercially available STARBURST^® polyaminoamide (PAMAM) dendrimers generations 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 are investigated in detail together with other commonly‐used scale inhibitors. Experimental results show that inhibition efficiency largely depends on structural features of PAMAM dendrimers such as generation number and nature of the end groups. PAMAM dendrimers are effective inhibitors of silica scale growth at 40 ppm dosage levels. PAMAM dendrimers also act as silica nucleators, forming SiO₂–PAMAM composites. This occurs because the SiO₂ formed by incomplete inhibition interacts with cationic PAMAM‐1 and ‐2. The general scope of silica formation and inhibition in industrial waters is also discussed. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Precoded distributed space-time block codes in cooperative diversity-based downlink

Cooperative diversity is a rapidly emerging topic for wireless communications, with ad hoc and hybrid/relay networks as two main applications so far. In this paper, we investigate the cooperative diversity concept for MIMO multicell networks, where the processing must be optimized to account for the variability of the channel conditions across the cooperative devices. This can be done via distributed preceding and is realistically based on channel statistics (average gains, correlations, etc.). We give a new approach to the previously coined equal diversity spread principle, through minimization of an approximated SER expression. Next, we focus on a low-complexity approach to minimizing a PEP-based performance measure. Gains are evaluated in a multicell scenario with collaborating base stations.     

Yield of products from catalytic cracking of vacuum gasoils

In catalytic cracking of vacuum gasoils, the yields of products are correlated with their hydrogen content. A correlation that allows predicting the yields of products of this process was elaborated based on the results of cracking of 11 gasoils of different origin and data on their density, refractive index, and 50% distillation temperature. However, it is not possible to predict the octane number of the naphtha obtained in cracking with the group hydrocarbon composition of the feedstock. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 4, pp. 31–34, July–August, 2007.     

Impact of Preferential P-Diffusion Along the Grain Boundaries on Fine-Grained Polysilicon Solar Cells

Thin-film polysilicon solar cells are a promising low-cost alternative for bulk silicon solar cells due to their reduced material thickness. Recently, we showed that the use of an amorphous silicon/polycrystalline silicon heterojunction emitter instead of a diffused homojunction emitter led to a boost in the open-circuit voltage by 90 mV. Now, we present a full evidence that shows that this improvement is related to the absence of dopant smearing along the grain boundaries. By using scanning spreading resistance microscopy, we found an enlargement of the junction area by a factor of five in case of a homojunction. The tips of the dopant spikes represent lowly doped areas with an enhanced recombination.