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991.
992.
993.
Oxalylhydrazinium nitrate (OHN) and dinitrate (OHDN) were synthesized by protonation of oxalyldihydrazide with nitric acid. The synthesis is extremely cost effective (~$40/kg at the lab scale) and can be carried out in large scales and very good yields. OHN and OHDN were intensively characterized by low-temperature X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and vibrational spectroscopy. These new organic nitrate salts could be used as powerful ingredients in energetic formulations due to their low sensitivities (measured by Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und Pröfung methods). Their thermal stability was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. Further thermal studies of OHN showed compatibility with TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), DNAN (2,4-dinitroanisole), and RDX (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane). The theoretical detonation and propulsion parameters of OHN and OHDN were calculated with the EXPLO5.5 code and compared to well-known insensitive explosives. The aquatic toxicity of OHN was determined by the luminescent bacteria inhibition test, yielding a much lower toxicity than RDX. 相似文献
994.
995.
Structure and density of deposits formed on filter fibers by inertial particle deposition and bounce
The morphology and packing density of particle deposits formed by accumulation on thin steel fibers suspended in an aerosol stream were studied by confocal microscopy. Measurements were made with electrically neutral polystyrene spheres (dP=1.3, 2.0, 2.6 and 5.2 μm) as a function of flow velocity (v=0.7–5 m/s) and fiber diameters (dF=8 and 30 μm). Deposition under these conditions was dominated by inertia (Stokes number St=0.3–9), interception (interception parameter R=0.04–0.35) and particle bounce, with a negligible contribution from diffusion.The experiments show a systematic transition of deposit morphologies with a newly introduced particle bounce parameter β~St/R, where St and R are based on the diameter dF of the bare fiber. Compact, forward facing deposit structures dominate in case of significant particle bounce (i.e. for β>β?, where β* represents the critical conditions for the onset of bounce on the bare fiber). Dendritic structures with pronounced sideways branching are formed at β<β*. R is of relatively little influence as an independent parameter, probably because interception occurs mostly on preexisting deposit structures with dimensions in the order of dP.The mean porosity ε of the deposit structures was determined on the basis of contour measurements by confocal microscopy, in combination with data on the accumulated particle volume per unit fiber length (known accurately from a previous paper by Kasper, Schollmeier, Meyer, and Hoferer (2009). Once noticeable deposits had formed, ε was found to attain stable values between 0.80 at dP=1.3 μm and 0.55 at dp=5.2 μm. 相似文献
996.
Michael Fellows Jörg Flum Danny Hermelin Moritz Müller Frances Rosamond 《Theory of Computing Systems》2010,46(2):311-339
The classes of the W-hierarchy are the most important classes of intractable problems in parameterized complexity. These classes
were originally defined via the weighted satisfiability problem for Boolean circuits. Here, besides the Boolean connectives
we consider connectives such as majority, not-all-equal, and unique. For example, a gate labelled by the majority connective outputs true if more than half of its inputs are true. For any finite set
C\mathcal{C}
of connectives we construct the corresponding W(
C\mathcal{C}
)-hierarchy. We derive some general conditions which guarantee that the W-hierarchy and the W(
C\mathcal{C}
)-hierarchy coincide levelwise. If
C\mathcal{C}
only contains the majority connective then the first levels of the hierarchies coincide. We use this to show that a variant
of the parameterized vertex cover problem, the majority vertex cover problem, is W[1]-complete. 相似文献
997.
An evaporation/condensation particle generator produced 30-50 nm count median diameter particles from both pure hydrocarbons and from a complex mixture--used motor oil--at a concentration above 1 2 10 6 /cm 3 . The objective was to generate ultrafine aerosols for inhalation toxicology studies using specified organic components as surrogates for the particulate emissions generated by diesel internal combustion engines. This nanoparticle generation system, assembled from commercially available components, produced smaller particle size and higher particle number concentration than has been previously documented using Sinclair-La Mer condensation generator technology. The paper describes both the experiments used to design and characterize the particle generator and the operating conditions used for a specific inhalation experiment as an example of the system capability. 相似文献
998.
999.
With the help of a tight-binding (TB) electronic-structure toy model we investigate the matching of parameters across hetero-interfaces. We demonstrate that the virtual crystal approximation, commonly employed for this purpose, may not respect underlying symmetries of the electronic structure. As an alternative approach we propose a method which is motivated by the matching of wave functions in continuous-space quantum mechanics. We show that this method obeys the required symmetries and can be applied in simple band to band transitions. Extension to multiple interfaces and to more sophisticated TB models is discussed. 相似文献
1000.
Anton Batliner Stefan Steidl Björn Schuller Dino Seppi Thurid Vogt Johannes Wagner Laurence Devillers Laurence Vidrascu Vered Aharonson Loic Kessous Noam Amir 《Computer Speech and Language》2011,25(1):4-28
In this article, we describe and interpret a set of acoustic and linguistic features that characterise emotional/emotion-related user states – confined to the one database processed: four classes in a German corpus of children interacting with a pet robot. To this end, we collected a very large feature vector consisting of more than 4000 features extracted at different sites. We performed extensive feature selection (Sequential Forward Floating Search) for seven acoustic and four linguistic types of features, ending up in a small number of ‘most important’ features which we try to interpret by discussing the impact of different feature and extraction types. We establish different measures of impact and discuss the mutual influence of acoustics and linguistics. 相似文献