Assessment of the Analytical Capabilities of Scanning Capacitance and Scanning Spreading Resistance Microscopy Applied to Semiconductor Devices

In this work we compare the performance of Scanning Capacitance Microscopy and Scanning Spreading Resistance Microscopy for the characterization of doping profiles in semiconductor devices. Particular attention is devoted to parameters of paramount importance for the failure analysis and the characterization of silicon devices, like the quantitative one-dimensional profiling accuracy, the electrical junction delineation and the two-dimensional sub-micron imaging capability.     

Electromagnetic simulation of bonding wires and comparison withwide band measurements

Several typical bonding wire configurations have been measured in a frequency range up to 20 GHz using a vector network analyzer. Based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) pictures all bonding wires have been discretized and orthogonal grids suitable for electromagnetic simulation have been generated. Full wave finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations as well as static and quasi static inductance extraction using a new Monte Carlo technique and FastHenry as well as capacitance extraction with a finite element method have been carried out. Numerical results are compared to measured scattering parameters and their quality and frequency dependence is discussed. All simulation techniques are evaluated with respect to their computational effort     

Monte Carlo simulation and measurement of nanoscale n-MOSFETs

The output characteristics of state-of-the-art n-MOSFETs with effective channel lengths of 40 and 60 nm have been measured and compared with full-band Monte Carlo simulations. The device structures are obtained by process simulation based on comprehensive secondary ion mass spectroscopy and capacitance-voltage measurements. Good agreement between the measured output characteristics and the full-band Monte Carlo simulations is found without any fitting of parameters and the on-currents are reproduced within 4%. The analysis of the velocity profiles along the channel confirms that the on-current is determined by the drift velocity in the source side of the channel. Analytic-band Monte Carlo simulations are found to involve an overestimation of the drain current in the nonlinear regime which becomes larger for increasing drain voltage and decreasing gate length. The discrepancy originates from a higher nonlinear drift velocity and a higher overshoot peak in bulk silicon which is due to differences in the band structures above 100 meV. The comparison between analytic-band and full-band Monte Carlo simulation therefore shows that the source-side velocity in the on-state is influenced by nonlinear and quasiballistic transport.     

Long term planning of inter-company energy supply concepts

In order to assess the economic and ecological effects of inter-company energy supply concepts, an optimising model integrating investment and long-term production planning has been developed. The model represents the energy production of companies on a very disaggregated level taking into account different resources, energy carriers and production processes. This model has been applied to five industrial companies to analyse the economic and ecological implications resulting from investments in inter-company energy supply concepts. Existing technologies as well as possible investment options have been assessed by a techno-economic analysis taking into account company specific circumstances. In addition, the new German combined heat and power law has been modelled in detail, because the supplementary payments legally established in this law may effect energy go supply concepts in a considerable way. Computational results show the installation of a combined cycle power plant adapted to the specific conditions of the case at hand would be the most promising option to fulfil the future energy demand of the companies involved. Correspondence to: W. Fichtner     

Competition in the university system of the Federal Republic of Germany

Although the university system in theFRG is largely regulated by the state, the freedom of research, teaching and study guaranteed by the constitution leaves room for competition between the universities. In research, there is competition with institutions outside the universities and with the research departments of large companies. There is also severe competition for the research funds provided by the Federal Government, theDeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and German trade and industry. In teaching, research projects are being carried out in order to develop criteria for the measurement of performance. This, together with a system of reporting, will facilitate comparisons and thus encourage competition. TheBMBW has contributed to these processes in teaching and research by funding projects on the development of performance criteria and by preparing legislative measures designed to promote competition.     

SCR operation mode of diode strings for ESD protection

Diodes and diode strings in 90 nm and beyond technologies are investigated by measurement and device simulation. After a thorough calibration, the device simulator is utilised to achieve a better understanding and an enhanced device performance of diode strings under static and transient ESD conditions. Thereto, parasitic transistors and a so far neglected parasitic thyristor (SCR) in the diode string are regarded, exploited and optimised.     

Ein Dekompositionsalgorithmus zur Entwicklung von länderübergreifenden Kompensationsstrategien im Umweltschutz

Zusammenfassung In der Klimarahmenkonvention wie auch in anderen internationalen Abkommen zum Umweltschutz wird eine länderübergreifende Kooperation zur Minderung von Emissionen vorgesehen. Dabei erhalten Investoren Emissionsgutschriften für Emissionsminderungen in Drittländern. Um in nationale Strategien auch internationale Kompensationsansätze integrieren zu können, werden nationale Energie- und Stoffflußmodelle über einen Dekompositionsalgorithmus miteinander verknüpft. In einem iterativen Prozeß werden dabei die Grenzausgaben für eine CO₂-Minderung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, die den Nachfragepreis nach Kompensationsprojekten wiedergeben und die Grenzausgaben für eine CO₂-Minderung in Gastgeberländern, die den Angebotspreis darstellen, in ein Gleichgewicht gebracht. Die durchgeführten Analysen zeigen, daß durch Kompensationsansätze eine deutliche Reduzierung der gesamten Ausgaben für eine Emissionsminderung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland erreichbar ist.     

Waveform coding for low-power digital filtering of speech data

This paper evaluates waveform coding techniques known from low bit-rate communication for their usefulness in low-power digital FIR filtering of speech signals. The encodings considered include linear PCM, PCM with adaptive and logarithmic quantization, and differential PCM, combined with two's-complement and sign-magnitude number representation. Selected implementation aspects for each alternative are discussed. Experimental results are presented to quantify potential power savings subject to statistical signal properties and operating conditions. Guidelines for the choice of encoding in application-specific digital signal processing of speech data are provided.     

Body distribution of free, liposomal and nanoparticle-associated mitoxantrone in B16-melanoma-bearing mice

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Ethyl propionate and isopropyl acetate were identified as gallstone solvents with more favorable physicochemical properties than the currently used solvent methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). In this study, their efficacy and toxicity were compared. METHODS: To compare efficacy, matched stones from 33 patients were subjected to dissolution with each solvent. To evaluate cytotoxicity, jejunal segments of the anesthetized rat were exposed to each solvent or saline; the segments were then perfused with markers for active absorption and passive permeability. RESULTS: For 23 gallstone sets that dissolved completely with all three solvents, the average dissolution time was shorter with ethyl propionate (38 +/- 8 minutes) than with MTBE (60 +/- 13 minutes) (P = 0.03) or isopropyl acetate (55 +/- 12 minutes) (P < 0.001). Four stones did not dissolve with ethyl propionate, seven with MTBE, and eight with isopropyl acetate. After 2 minutes of exposure to the solvents, the dry weight of the segments decreased by 36% after MTBE but was unchanged after the other two solvents (P < 0.001). MTBE caused more inhibition of active absorption than the other solvents (P < 0.001) and a greater increase in passive permeation (P < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Ethyl propionate and isopropyl acetate are less toxic to the intestinal mucosa than MTBE, and ethyl propionate is more effective for gallstone dissolution.     

Cytostatic activity of syntheticO-alkylglycerolipids

A series of halogen-containing alkylglycerolipid analogs has been checked for their cytostatic activity both in vitro and in vivo. The compounds included alkyldeoxyhaloglycerols (I), alkyldeoxyhaloglycerophosphocholines (II), and alkyldeoxyhaloglycerophosphoric acids and alkyl esters (III). While compounds I and III were moderately active, compounds II were found to have a strong inhibitory effect on the proliferation of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vitro. Cell growth inhibition of 50% or more was found mainly in the late S- or G₂-phase of the cell cycle as revealed by flow cytometry. Alkyl lysophospholipid analogs II and cholesterol form liposomes with high encapsulation efficiency and low permeability for entrapped substances. Compounds II were active against Lewis lung carcinoma in mice when applied in free form or as liposomes.