A Review on Biogenic Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles and Its Biological Applications

In recent decades, aquaculture and environment plays a noteworthy role in rewarding the massive stipulate in all industries. Environmental damage and disease domination are seen as essential issues in the region. In addition to these, nanotechnology as a fresh and imaginative instruments were extremely feasible in aquaculture and environmental applications. Next-generation biological applications of these nanomaterials might lead to an explosion in the bio industries. In order to utilizing the nanoparticles of biogenic expansion, selenium has plays major role in the biological progresses. Selenium (Se) is a multifunctional trace element. The present review analytically intends to the potential biological applications of biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). Synthesis of SeNPs physical, chemical and biological methods has been used. Physical and chemical methods of SeNPs have high cost, non ecofriendly, highly time consuming. Therefore, there is a growing concern to develop eco friendly and sustainable methods for biosynthesis. Biosynthesis method has ecofriendly, low cost, nontoxic and zero contamination. Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles by plant extracts, bacteria, protein, biopolymers, seaweed extracts, fungi and yeasts have used for capping or stabilizing agents. Therefore this review represented original evidence for antibacterial, antifungal, antibiofilm, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimosquito larvicidal and aquaculture applications of prospective biogenic SeNPs were provided in turn in this regard of literatures. Bio synthesis of SeNPs and it is used for many applications like medical, environmental and aquaculture applications. In this review study, the importance of selenium nanoparticles as a competitive element for sustainable aquaculture and environmental applications is also examined in detail.

     

Probing the Mysterious Behavior of Tungsten as a Dopant Inside Pristine Cobalt-Free Nickel-Rich Cathode Materials

Nickel-rich cathode materials with small amounts of tungsten (W) dopants have attracted extensive attention in recent years. However, the chemical state, crystalline form, compound chemistry, and location of W in these layered cathodes are still not well-understood. In this study, these missing structural properties are determined through a combination of macro-, to atomic-sensitive characterization techniques and density functional theory (DFT). W-doped LiNiO₂ (LNO) particles, prepared with mechanofusion and coprecipitation methods, are used to probe changes in the structure and location of W-species. The results indicate that W is mainly distributed on the surfaces and inside grain boundaries of the secondary particles, regardless of the doping method. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) mapping confirms the simultaneous presence of W, O, with and without Ni in the grain boundaries as well as W- and O-rich regions on the very surface. The W-rich areas inside the grain boundaries are found to be in two forms, crystalline and amorphous. This paper suggests the presence of kinetically stabilized-Li_4+xNi_1-xWO₆ (x = 0, 0.1) with the possibility of Li_xW_yO_z phases in LNO which are consistent with the electron microscopy, X-ray absorption and diffraction data. The multiple roles of W in this complex microstructure are discussed considering the W distribution.