Recent developments in large‐area photomasks for display applications

One of the most critical areas in the manufacturing process for FPD panels or shadow masks for CRTs is lithography. Most existing lithography technologies require high‐quality large‐area photomasks. The requirements on these photomasks include positioning accuracy (registration) and repeatability (overlay), systematic image quality errors (“mura” or display quality), and resolution (minimum feature size). The general trend toward higher resolution and improved performance, e.g., for TFT desktop monitors, has put a strong focus on the specifications for large‐area‐display photomasks. This article intends to give an overview of the dominant issues for large‐area‐display photomasks, and illustrates differences compared with other applications. The article will also present state‐of‐the‐art methods and trends. In particular, the aspects of positioning accuracy over large areas and systematic image‐quality errors will be described. New qualitative and objective methods have been developed as means to capture systematic image‐quality errors. Results indicating that errors below 25 nm can be found early in the manufacturing process is presented, thus allowing inspection for visual effects before the actual display is completed. Positioning accuracy below 400 nm (3 sigma) over 720 × 560 mm have been achieved. These results will in the future be extended up toward 1 × 1 m for generation 4 in TFT‐LCD production.     

Verifying Temporal Properties of Reactive Systems: A STeP Tutorial

We review a number of formal verification techniques supported by STeP, the Stanford Temporal Prover, describing how the tool can be used to verify properties of several versions of the Bakery Mutual exclusion algorithm for mutual exclusion. We verify the classic two-process algorithm and simple variants, as well as an atomic parameterized version. The methods used include deductive verification rules, verification diagrams, automatic invariant generation, and finite-state model checking and abstraction.     

Legal reasoning with subjective logic

Judges and jurors must make decisions in an environment of ignoranceand uncertainty for example by hearing statements of possibly unreliable ordishonest witnesses, assessing possibly doubtful or irrelevantevidence, and enduring attempts by the opponents to manipulate thejudge's and the jurors' perceptions and feelings. Three importantaspects of decision making in this environment are the quantificationof sufficient proof, the weighing of pieces of evidence, and therelevancy of evidence. This paper proposes a mathematical frameworkfor dealing with the two first aspects, namely the quantification ofproof and weighing of evidence. Our approach is based on subjectivelogic, which is an extension of standard logic and probability theory,in which the notion of probability is extended by including degrees ofuncertainty. Subjective Logic is a framework for modelling humanreasoning and we show how it can be applied to legalreasoning.     

Representing short-term observations of moving objects by a simple visual language

In a variety of dynamical systems, formations of motion patterns occur. Observing colonies of animals, for instance, for the scientist it is not only of interest which kinds of formations these animals show, but also how they altogether move around. In order to analyse motion patterns for the purpose of making predictions, to describe the behaviour of systems, or to index databases of moving objects, methods are required for dealing with them. This becomes increasingly important since a number of technologies have been devised which allow objects precisely to get traced. However, the indeterminacy of spatial information in real world environments also requires techniques to approximate reasoning, for example, in order to compensate for small and unimportant distinctions which are due to noisy measurements. As a consequence, precise as well as coarse motion patterns have to be dealt with.A set of 16 atomic motion patterns is proposed. On the one hand, a relation algebra is defined on them. On the other hand, these 16 relations form the basis of a visual language using which motion patterns can easily be dealt with in a diagrammatic way. The relations are coarse but crisp and they allow imprecise knowledge about motion patterns to be dealt with, while their diagrammatic realisation also allow precise patterns to get handled. While almost all approaches consider motion patterns along arbitrary time intervals, this paper in particular focuses on short-term motion patterns as we permanently observe them in our everyday life.The bottom line of the current work, however, is yet more general. While it has been widely argued that it makes sense to use both sentential and diagrammatic representations in order to represent different things in the same system adequately (and hence differently), we argue that it makes even sense to represent the same things differently in order to grasp different aspects of one and the same object of interest from different viewpoints. We demonstrate this by providing both a sentential and a diagrammatic representation for the purpose of grasping different aspects of motion patterns. It shows that both representations complement each other.     

Prediction of the binding mode of biarylpropylsulfonamide allosteric AMPA receptor modulators based on docking, GRID molecular interaction fields and 3D-QSAR analysis

A novel approach of combining flexible molecular docking, GRID molecular interaction fields, analysis of ligand-protein hydrogen bond interactions, conformational energy penalties and 3D-QSAR analysis was used to propose a binding mode in the dimer interface of the iGluR2 receptor for the biarylpropylsulfonamide class of positive allosteric AMPA modulators. Possible binding poses were generated by flexible molecular docking. GRID molecular interaction fields of the binding site, ligand-protein hydrogen bonding interactions and conformational energy penalties were used to select the most likely binding mode. The selected binding poses were subjected to a 3D-QSAR analysis using previously published activity data. The resulting model (2 LVs, R2=0.89, q2=0.61) predicted the activities of the compounds in the test set with a standard deviation on error of prediction of 0.17. The proposed binding mode was validated by interpretation of the PLS-coefficient regions from the 3D-QSAR analysis in terms of interactions between the receptor and the modulators.     

Internal locus of control and choice in health service shift workers

This study examined the relationship between shift work-specific locus of control (SH-LOC), active choice of work schedule and health outcomes, personal initiatives and coping behaviours in 1611 Danish Health Service shift workers. The 20-item SH-LOC scale was administered as part of a battery of measures. Multivariate analysis of covariance (controlling for age, workplace experience and weekly work hours) tested for differential responses to shift working and coping strategies. Interactive effects of internality and type of work rota were examined. Higher internality was linked to better tolerance to shift work. This did not appear to be a result of greater personal action in higher internals. The importance of control as a potential moderating factor to shift work exposure and the possible use of this measure in the process of shift worker monitoring is highlighted.     

Robust pose estimation and recognition using non-gaussian modeling of appearance subspaces

We present an original appearance model that generalizes the usual Gaussian visual subspace model to non-Gaussian and nonparametric distributions. It can be useful for the modeling and recognition of images under difficult conditions such as large occlusions and cluttered backgrounds. Inference under the model is efficiently solved using the mean shift algorithm     

An Industrial Case Study on Distributed Prioritisation in Market-Driven Requirements Engineering for Packaged Software

When developing packaged software, which is sold ‘off-the-shelf’ on a worldwide marketplace, it is essential to collect needs and opportunities from different market segments and use this information in the prioritisation of requirements for the next software release. This paper presents an industrial case study where a distributed prioritisation process is proposed, observed and evaluated. The stakeholders in the requirements prioritisation process include marketing offices distributed around the world. A major objective of the distributed prioritisation is to gather and highlight the differences and similarities in the requirement priorities of the different market segments. The evaluation through questionnaires shows that the stakeholders found the process useful. The paper also presents novel approaches to visualise the priority distribution among stakeholders, together with measures on disagreement and satisfaction. Product management found the proposed charts valuable as decision support when selecting requirements for the next release, as they revealed unforeseen differences among stakeholder priorities. Conclusions on stakeholder tactics are provided and issues of further research are identified, including ways of addressing identified challenges.     

Patient views of adverse events: comparisons of self-reported healthcare staff attitudes with disclosure of accident information

In the present paper, we report results of surveys in 2003 in Japan and Denmark about patients' views about adverse events, focusing on the actions of healthcare staff involved in a medical accident. Results show that patients were more likely to indicate negative expectations to a doctor's reactions after a medical accident when asked in general terms than when asked in relation to concrete case stories. When asked in general terms, 66% (47%) of Japanese (Danish) respondents expected that doctors sometimes hold back on providing information to patients about a medical accident, while 37% (7%) did so when asked about a concrete, mild-outcome case. We examine some possible reasons for the relatively high level of distrust of Japanese patients, and we discuss whether the seemingly lower level of disclosure in Japan than in Denmark and the negative stories in the Japanese press may have an impact. We also suggest some implications for introducing a patient-centred or customer-centred approach to risk management in healthcare and other domains.