Evaluation of Two Sets of Sorghum Bagasse Samples as the Feedstock for Fermentable Sugar Recovery via the Calcium Capturing by Carbonation (CaCCO) Process

Abstract: Sorghum bagasse samples from two sets (n6 and bmr6; n18 and bmr18) of wild-type and corresponding “brown midrib” (bmr) mutant strains of sweet sorghum were evaluated as the feedstock for fermentable sugar recovery via the calcium capturing by carbonation (CaCCO) process, which involves Ca(OH)₂ pretreatment of bagasse with subsequent neutralization with CO₂ for enzymatic saccharification. Saccharification tests under various pretreatment conditions of the CaCCO process at different Ca(OH)₂ concentrations, temperatures or residence periods indicated that bmr strains are more sensitive to the pretreatment than their counterparts are. It is expected that variant bmr6 is more suitable for glucose recovery than its wild-type counterpart because of the higher glucan content and better glucose recovery with less severe pretreatment. Meanwhile, bmr18showed higher scores of glucose recovery than its counterpart did, only at low pretreatment severity, and did not yield higher sugar recovery under the more severe conditions. The trend was similar to that of xylose recovery data from the two bmr strains. The advantages of bmr strains were also proven by means of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of CaCCO-pretreated bagasse samples by pentose-fermenting yeast strain Candida shehatae Cs 4R. The amounts needed for production of 1 L of ethanol from n6, bmr6, n18, and bmr18samples were estimated as 4.11, 3.46, 4.03, and 3.95 kg, respectively. The bmr strains seem to have excellent compatibility with the CaCCO process for ethanol production, and it is expected that integrated research from the feedstock to bioprocess may result in breakthroughs for commercialization.     

碳酸根、碳酸氢根污染的钻井液处理及机理研究

大丰1井钻进到3 000 m左右时进入到安集海层位,此时泥浆性能黏度和切力明显增大,钻井液受到碳酸根、碳酸氢根污染。通过室内实验与钻井液滤液分析,利用化学方法,有针对性地对碳酸根、碳酸氢根污染进行处理。采用加入适量生石灰的方法,同时补充RSTF、SP-80两种处理剂,一方面可使钻井液性能稳定,维护周期增长;另一方面节约了处理剂,降低钻井成本。通过加入处理剂CSW-1的钻井液性能分析,证明了钻井液受碳酸根、碳酸氢根污染的机理主要是ζ电位理论和胶凝结构理论。     

四川某黏土矿中钪和钛的焙烧浸出试验研究

以四川某地含钪、钛、稀土黏土矿为研究对象,进行钠盐焙烧-酸浸、直接酸浸、硫酸化焙烧-水浸、空白焙烧-酸浸探索试验。结果表明,直接酸浸、空白焙烧-酸浸对钪和钛的回收效果均不好。硫酸化焙烧-水浸对钛的回收效果很好,但钪的浸出率较低。钠盐焙烧-酸浸试验结果表明,适宜的焙烧条件为:碳酸钠用量80%,焙烧温度800℃,焙烧时间1h;适宜的浸出条件为:10v.%硫酸,液固比20:1,浸出温度60℃,搅拌浸出时间2h;钪的浸出率为89.98%,钛的浸出率为80.55%。液固比对钪和钛的浸出率有显著影响,增大液固比可以暂时解决硅酸造成的过滤困难的问题。      

Ensemble locally weighted partial least squares as a just‐in‐time modeling method

The predictive ability of soft sensors, which estimate values of an objective variable y online, decreases due to process changes in chemical plants. To reduce the decrease of predictive ability, adaptive soft sensors have been developed. We focused on just‐in‐time soft sensors, especially locally weighted partial least squares (LWPLS) regression. Since a set of hyperparameters in an LWPLS model has to be set beforehand and there is only onedataset, a traditional LWPLS model is difficult to accurately predict y‐values in multiple process states. In this study, we propose to combine LWPLS and ensemble learning, and predict y‐values with multiple LWPLS models, whose datasets and sets of hyperparameters are different. The weights of LWPLS models are determined based on Bayes’ theorem, considering their predictive ability. We confirmed that the proposed model has higher predictive accuracy than traditional models through numerical simulation data and two industrial data analyses. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 717–725, 2016     

A new control methodology of wind turbine generators for frequency control of power system in isolated island

A wind turbine generator (WTG) system's output is not constant and fluctuates depending on wind conditions. Fluctuating power causes frequency deviations and adverse effects to an isolated power system when large output power from WTG systems is penetrated in the power system. This paper presents an output power control methodology of a WTG for frequency control using a load power estimator. The load power is estimated by a disturbance observer, and the output power command of the WTG is determined according to the estimated load. Besides, the WTG can also be controlled during wind turbulence since the output power command is determined by considering wind conditions. The reduction of the power system frequency deviation by using the WTG can be achieved by the proposed method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by numerical simulations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Output power dispatch control for a wind farm in a small power system

Nowadays, a wind turbine generator (WTG) is required to provide control capabilities as the output power of WTG fluctuates. Under this scenario, this paper proposes an output power control method of a wind farm (WF) connected to a small power system using pitch angle control. In this control approach, the WF output power control is achieved by two control levels: central and local. In the central control, the WF output power command is determined by considering the frequency deviations and wind speeds using a fuzzy function. Then, the local output power commands for each of the WTGs are based on the proposed dispatch control. In the proposed dispatch control, the output commands of each WTG are determined by considering wind conditions for each of the WTGs. The simulation results by using an actual detailed model for the wind power system show the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Investigation of hydrogen storage capacity of various carbon materials

Hydrogen storage capacity of various carbon materials, including activated carbon (AC), single-walled carbon nanohorn, single-walled carbon nanotubes, and graphitic carbon nanofibers, was investigated at 303 and 77 K, respectively. The results showed that hydrogen storage capacity of carbon materials was less than 1 wt% at 303 K, and a super activated carbon, Maxsorb, had the highest capacity (0.67 wt%). By lowering adsorption temperature to 77 K, hydrogen storage capacity of carbon materials increased significantly and Maxsorb could store a large amount of hydrogen (5.7 wt%) at a relatively low pressure of 3 MPa. Hydrogen storage capacity of carbon materials was proportional to their specific surface area and the volume of micropores, and the narrow micropores was preferred to adsorption of hydrogen, indicating that all carbon materials adsorbed hydrogen gas through physical adsorption on the surface.     

微量元素Al和Mn对银带材性能的影响

为解决银材自然时效软化的问题，存99．999％Ag中添加0.004％A1和0．003％Mn(按质量)制成纯度为99．99％的Ag材，实验表明，采用变形率为90．90％所制备的银材，在25℃温度下，自然时效365d，其强度σb=370MPa，硬度HV=1030MPa保持稳定不变，有效地抑制了纯银材自然时效80d，其力学性能便大幅度下降的问题。