生物质燃烧技术发展现状与未来趋势

目前由于我国大力倡导节能减排与保护环境等问题,越来越多的清洁能源和可再生能源出现在我们的视野中.生物质作为一种资源较为丰富,分布地区较为广泛、利用率高等优点受到众多国家以及企业的青睐.生物质在燃烧利用的过程中C02可以实现零排放,特别适合燃烧转化利用.故发展生物质燃烧技术一方面可以有效地缓解温室效应改善生态环境,另一方...     

基于锂掺杂分子筛改性隔膜的高性能锂硫电池北大核心CSCD

锂硫电池在下一代高能量密度可充电电池中极具吸引力,但多硫化物严重的穿梭效应阻碍了它的实际应用。本工作利用离子交换法成功地制备了一种锂掺杂分子筛(Li@CHA),并将其与氧化石墨烯(GO)结合用于修饰常规聚丙烯隔膜,以缓解锂硫电池的穿梭效应问题。借助扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气吸-脱附法以及电化学测试,深入研究了Li@CHA的形貌、结构及用于锂硫电池的电化学性能。研究显示,Li@CHA可在隔膜表面充当“离子筛”,有效抑制多硫化物阴离子的自由穿梭,并提高锂离子的传输性能。此外,GO也可以通过化学吸附进一步抑制穿梭效应,并改善修饰层的导电性,降低电池阻抗。因此,采用这种改性隔膜的锂硫电池表现出增强的反应动力学、出色的倍率性能和稳定的循环性能,在3 C下获得了638 mAh/g的高倍率容量,在0.5 C下循环500圈后仍具有71.0%的高容量保持率。本工作为抑制多硫化物的穿梭效应提供了一条新的思路,有望进一步推动锂硫电池的实际应用。     

废石回收原矿选铜药剂工业优化试验研究

某选矿厂为实现铜资源的高效综合利用,从废石中大量回收原矿,导致原矿性质发生了较大改变,原矿综合铜品位降至0.5%左右。为保证选别质量,确保选厂生产顺利进行,对选厂混合原矿的性质进行了调查,调查结果显示,该选厂混合原矿的铜矿物含量较高,铜综合品位在大于0.5%,且大部分已单体解离。根据该混合原矿的性质,分别进行了选铜捕收剂优化试验,选铜抑锌优化试验,选铜抑砷优化试验,试验结果表明,对该混合原矿进行上述优化试验后,铜精矿中铜的品位可达23.66%,铜回收率可达91.52%,符合选厂要求,实现了铜资源的高效回收。     

走向城市科学新流程——基于新兴计算技术的增强城市决策与新型系统整合

针对传统城市规划、管理及更新迭代方式的不足,力求提高城市的活力与创造力,美国麻省理工学院媒体实验室的城市科学研究组提出未来城市的发展目标—走向自主创新社区,及达到该目标的城市科学的5方面新流程:洞察、转型、预测、共识、治理。文章以创新的研究项目及其世界范围的运用来阐述该新流程的各环节多种新兴技术运用、新兴城市系统整合,及其对未来城市的积极意义。     

基于Boltzmann方程的不同海拔条件下大气绝缘性能研究

随着海拔的升高,大气压强及空气密度的不断降低会对以空气为绝缘介质的电气外绝缘性能产生影响,从电子与气体分子碰撞反应的微观角度研究不同海拔环境下空气放电的物理本质,从Boltzmann方程的求解出发,采用两项近似理论算得空气放电中电子能量分布函数(EEDF),在此基础上得到电子的约化迁移率、约化扩散系数等输运参数及约化电离系数和约化吸附系数,通过约化有效电离系数为0时对应的电场强度,得到空气中电晕放电的临界起晕电场。结果表明,计算得到的临界起晕电场与已有试验结果吻合度很高,误差不超过3%。     

水泥基渗透结晶型防水材料在海外某工程中的应用

坦桑尼亚进出口银行大楼(EXIM BANK TOWER)景观水池泵房和地下室因防水设计不当,完工后发生严重渗漏,影响建筑物的使用。经过现场情况的详细勘查,对渗透原因进行了深入分析研究,提出了采用水泥基渗透结晶型防水材料-XYPEX(赛柏斯)Concentrate对渗漏部位进行处理的方案,并组织精心施工。实践证明,该材料对于提高混凝土自身防水性能从而有效抵抗渗漏具有独特的作用。     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定烟草中的噁霉灵残留

为降低烟草中噁霉灵检测中的基质干扰,提高检测灵敏度和和稳定性,通过试验建立了以QuEChERS为样品前处理方法、液相色谱串联质谱仪为检测仪器的烟草中噁霉灵残留检测方法。样品加水浸润后,经丙酮提取、盐析试剂包除水、石墨化炭黑除杂后,采用Agilent ZORBAX 300SB-C8液相色谱柱（2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8 μm）分离,甲醇-水程序洗脱,ESI雾化,串联质谱MRM检测。结果发现,该方法在0.0025~0.0500 mg/L范围内线性良好,决定系数r²=0.9996,定量检测限1.06 μg/L,回收率在90.8%~92.0%之间,相对标准偏差为5.1%。运用该方法测定烟草中的噁霉灵,操作简单,检测精度高,满足CORESTA对烟草农残检测的要求。     

Efficacy of carbohydrate sources for milk production by cows fed diets based on alfalfa silage

The effectiveness of three carbohydrate sources, high-moisture ear corn (HMEC), cracked shelled corn (CSC), and a 50:50 mixture of HMEC plus dried citrus pulp (DCP), fed with or without supplemental rumen-undegraded protein as expeller soybean meal (ESBM), was assessed in 48 multiparous dairy cows. All diets contained (dry mater [DM] basis) 50% alfalfa silage, 10% ryegrass silage, 28% NDF, and one of six concentrates: A) 38% HMEC; B) 38% CSC; C) 19% DCP plus 19% HMEC; D) 27% HMEC plus 12% ESBM; E) 27% CSC plus 12% ESBM; or F) 13% DCP, 13% HMEC, and 12% ESBM. Diets A, B, and C averaged 19% crude protein, of which 53% was nonprotein nitrogen (NPN), and diets D, E, and F averaged 22% crude protein, of which 40% was NPN. Cows were fed a high-energy covariate diet for 2 wk, blocked into eight groups of six, based on covariate protein yield, then randomly assigned to diets that were fed for 12 wk. Feeding ESBM increased DM intake, yields of milk, fat-corrected milk, fat, protein, SNF, and milk and blood urea concentration and decreased weight loss. There were no production differences between HMEC and CSC. However, DM intake, yields of milk, fat-corrected milk, fat, protein, lactose, SNF, and milk SNF content all were lower on the diets containing DCP versus HMEC and CSC. A 6 x 6 Latin square trial conducted at the same time with six ruminally cannulated cows showed similar effects of diet on DM intake and milk production. Ruminal ammonia was elevated by ESBM but not ruminal total amino acids and branched-chain volatile fatty acids. Ruminal propionate was highest on HMEC diets and lowest on DCP diets; acetate, butyrate and acetate-to-propionate ratio were lowest on HMEC diets and highest on DCP diets. These results indicated that, compared to HMEC and CSC, feeding the pectin-rich carbohydrate source DCP altered ruminal fermentation but depressed intake and milk production in lactating cows.     

Ryegrass or alfalfa silage as the dietary forage for lactating dairy cows

Renewed interest exists in using grass forages to dilute the higher crude protein (CP) and lower digestible fiber present in legumes fed to lactating dairy cows. A 3 x 3 Latin square feeding study with 4-wk periods was conducted with 24 Holstein cows to compare ryegrass silage, either untreated control or macerated (intensively conditioned) before ensiling, with alfalfa silage as the sole dietary forage. Ryegrass silages averaged [dry matter (DM) basis] 18.4% CP, 50% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and 10% indigestible acid detergent fiber (ADF) (control) and 16.6% CP, 51% NDF, and 12% indigestible ADF (macerated). Alfalfa silage was higher in CP (21.6%) and lower in NDF (44%) but higher in indigestible ADF (26%). A lower proportion of the total N in macerated ryegrass silage was present as nonprotein N than in control ryegrass and alfalfa silages. Diets were formulated to contain 41% DM from either rye-grass silage, or 51% DM from alfalfa silage, plus high moisture corn, and protein concentrates. Diets averaged 17.5% CP and 28 to 29% NDF. The shortfall in CP on ryegrass was made up by feeding 7.6% more soybean meal. Intake and milk yields were similar on control and macerated ryegrass; however, DM intake was 8.3 kg/d greater on the alfalfa diet. Moreover, feeding the alfalfa diet increased BW gain (0.48 kg/d) and yield of milk (6.1 kg/d), FCM (6.8 kg/d), fat (0.26 kg/d), protein (0.25 kg/d), lactose (0.35 kg/d), and SNF (0.65 kg/d) versus the mean of the two ryegrass diets. Both DM efficiency (milk/DM intake) and N efficiency (milk-N/N-intake) were 27% greater, and apparent digestibility was 16% greater for DM and 53% greater for NDF and ADF, on the ryegrass diets. However, apparent digestibility of digestible ADF was greater on alfalfa (96%) than on ryegrass (average = 91%). Also, dietary energy content (estimated as net energy of lactation required for maintenance, milk yield, and weight gain) per unit of digested DM was similar for all three diets. Results of this trial indicated that, relative to ryegrass silage, feeding alfalfa silage stimulated much greater feed intake, which supported greater milk production.