Planning for decline: the ‘D’‐village policy of County Durham,UK

From the 1930s to the 1970s the contraction of the coal mining industry in County Durham in northern England was followed closely by plans to abolish many of the settlements that had supported the mining population. This article examines the development of the policies that were used to classify villages for demolition, the local resistance that developed in defence of the villages and the justifications provided in support of this policy. The bulk of the research is based on archived contemporary newspaper reporting of the events as they happened. Through this approach it is possible to document the course of popular opposition to planning policies. The policy was wide ranging, with 121 villages designated as category ‘D’, meaning that they were to be demolished. This paper examines the local response in specific case study localities, showing that the main tensions were between the economic concerns and aesthetic appraisal of policy makers and community‐based perceptions of social relations and the environment. The paper suggests that the legacy of the ‘D'‐village policy continued until relatively recently in the minds of planners and residents in Durham's ex‐mining localities.     

CHARACTERIZATION OF A SALIVARY LYSOZYME IN LARVAL <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helicoverpa zea</Emphasis>

The cDNA sequence of a salivary lysozyme in Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was determined. The full-length cDNA is 1,032 bp, and it encodes a protein of 142 amino acids. This lysozyme has 90% identity with Heliothis virescens lysozyme and 76% identity with Manduca sexta lysozyme. There is a signal peptide of 20 amino acids at the N-terminus. The mature protein is about 14.4 kDa without the signal peptide. The pI value is greater than 9.5 as determined by isoelectric focusing. From genomic DNA, two introns and three exons were within the open reading frame (ORF). Southern blot analysis indicated that it is a single-copy gene. A time-course study revealed that the H. zea lysozyme gene was differentially expressed in the labial glands during the development of fifth-instar larvae, with the peak level of lysozyme mRNA being detected on day 1. Dot blot analysis showed different levels of H. zea lysozyme expression when the caterpillars fed on different plants. Further, the H. zea lysozyme could be detected with antibodies raised against the M. sexta lysozyme, and it was one of the most abundant secreted proteins in saliva collected directly from the caterpillars spinneret. The potential role of the lysozyme on host plants in mediating susceptibility to bacterial disease is discussed in the context of tritrophic interactions.     

SOME EFFECTS OF FLUID PROPERTIES AND LOCATION ON MIXING INDICES FOR FLOW NEAR DROPS†

The flow field and mixing behavior surrounding a rising drop were simulated using the SOLA-VOF computer code. The effects of kinematic viscosity, interracial tension, drop density and spatial location on the mixing behavior and several mixing indices were studied as a function of time. Two mixing indices, one based upon material line extension and rate variations in material line extension and the other based upon a Lagrangian correlation coefficient and a Lagrangian time scale, were shown to be directly related to the fluid mechanics causing the mixing. Another index, the scale of segregation, was found to be inadequate in describing the mixing since its scale was too large to discern small scale mixing behavior.     

ORDINAL POSITION AND APPROVAL MOTIVATION.

THE MARLOWE-CROWNE SOCIAL DESIRABILITY SCALE, A MEASURE OF NEED FOR APPROVAL MOTIVATION, WAS ADMINISTERED IN A GROUP SETTING TO A SAMPLE OF UNIVERSITY FRESHMEN. THE SAMPLE CONSISTED OF 80 1ST- AND 110 LATTER-BORN MALES AND 67 1ST- AND 92 LATTER-BORN FEMALES. SIGNIFICANT MAIN EFFECTS FOR SEX (P     

Inhomogeneity-Packing Density Relations in Binary hwders

A theoretical procedure for determining the specific volume of an inhomogeneous binary mixture having a large radius ratio is presented. The procedure is based on the hypothesis that the Furnas model holds on a local level. The methodology developed is demonstrated using two hypothetical compositional distribution functions. In one case the compositional distribution describes changes that occur from a completely unmixed to a completely mixed state. The second utilizes the normal distribution for describing smaller compositional variations.     

CONFIDENCE LIMITS ON ROUGH SET RULES GENERATED FROM A LIMITED NUMBER OF EXAMPLES

Abstract

The rough sets method is used for extracting both certain and possible rules from data. This paper shows that, in reality, there are no certain rules. Probability theory is used to determine the best distribution to use when evaluating the sirength of rules. A method of determining the confidence limits for rules is presented, and this is used to determine what rule to follow when conflicts occur. Finally, a way to apply these results to situations where the cost of wrong decisions is different from the rewards for correct decisions is discussed.     

Commonality analysis: A linear cell clustering algorithm for group technology

Numerous researchers have suggested methods for clustering machines into manufacturing cells in a Group Technology environment. Many of these methods are numerically complex. This paper presents a new linear clustering algorithm that is fast, simple and quite flexible. The algorithm is based on the calculation of a commonality score which indicates the similarity in the way two machines are used in the shop to manufacture the products or parts.