Four-bar synthesis for the coordination of coupler point displacement with the rotations of both cranks

The correlation of the motion of the coupler point of a four-bar linkage with that of both cranks (partially or fully) is of some practical importance as shown by Hain[1] who gave solutions based either on point position reduction or graphical interpolation. Point position reduction, which loses the infinity of possible designs, and graphical interpolation are replaced in the present paper by improved procedures.     

Cognate connections and their application to function cognates and overconstrained linkagesVerwandte gliedergruppen und ihre anwendung bei gleicwertigen übertragungsgetrieben und bei übergeschlossenen getrieben

A simple short cut to finding some of the function cognates of a spatial spatial single-loop linkage is as follows. Replace the floating connection between the input and outputlinks by a cognate connection without disturbing the geometry of the input, output and fixed links. The cognates of the -CR_oC-, -CRC-, -RRS-, -RRE- and -PRS- connections are systematically obtained. These are then shown applied to the derivation of some function cognates of five-bar mechanisms such as RCRCR, RSRRR, etc. and some four-bar mechanisms. They can further be used as redundant connections to improve force transmission. Almost all the overconstrained four-bars with a connectivity sum of 6 are also derived from these cognate connections.     

Hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters with diimide from hydroxylamine-ethyl acetate

Methyl esters of 10-undecenoic, oleic, linoleic and castor oil fatty acids were hydrogenated with hydroxylamine-ethyl acetate reagent under nitrogen, without change in position and configuration of double bonds. The fatty acid ester was also found to participate in the generation of diimide. No hydrazide was formed.     

Improving the reliability of heuristic multiple fault diagnosis via the EC-based Genetic Algorithm

Engineered Conditioning (EC) is a Genetic Algorithm operator that works together with the typical genetic algorithm operators: mate selection, crossover, and mutation, in order to improve convergence toward an optimal multiple fault diagnosis. When incorporated within a typical genetic algorithm, the resulting hybrid scheme produces improved reliability by exploiting the global nature of the genetic algorithm as well as local improvement capabilities of the Engineered Conditioning operator.We show the significance of the Engineered Conditioning operator during Multiple Fault Diagnosis (i.e., finding the collection of simultaneously occurring disorders that best explains the observed symptoms or disorder manifestations). Within the Multiple Fault Diagnosis domain, we show the improvement of diagnostic reliability when using the engineered conditioning operator with the genetic algorithm compared to results from the genetic algorithm without the new operator. Reliability is based on the number of diagnostic trials for which the two versions of the genetic algorithm find the optimal diagnosis. For comparison purposes, optimal diagnoses have been computed using a search method that is guaranteed to find the optimal solution.     

Preparation and surface-active properties of the sodium soaps,mono- and diethanolamides and diol and triol sulfates of cycloaliphatic C21 Di- and C22 Tricarboxylic acids

Cycloaliphatic C₂₁ di- and C₂₂ tricarboxylic acids were prepared by the Diels-Alder reaction of dehydrated castor oil (DCO) fatty acids (containing 48% conjugated and 42% nonconjugated dienes) with acrylic and fumaric acids, respectively. The reaction temperature, time, catalyst concentration, and mole ratio of reactants were varied to get maximum yields of the di- and tricarboxylic acids. The unreacted DCO fatty acids were removed from the products by partition between aqueous methanol and n-hexane. The products were converted to methyl esters and characterized as the substituted cyclohexene derivatives before and after dehydrogenation with Pd/C in xylene, hydrogenation with Pd/C in decalin and oxidation with periodate-permanganate reagent and by mass and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. The acids were converted to sodium soaps, mono- and diethanolamides and the corresponding diol and triol sulfates, and the resulting products were evaluated for their surface-active properties. The sodium soaps showed better calcium tolerance and poorer foaming power than sodium oleate. The diethanolamides were inferior to lauroyl diethanolamide in wetting and emulsifying power. The monoethanolamides were better than the respective diethanolamides and lauroyl diethanolamide in wetting property. The diol and triol sulfates were poorer in wetting and emulsifying ability and better in calcium tolerance than sodium lauryl sulfate.     

Preparation and surfactant properties of diglycerol esters of fatty acids

Fatty acid mono- and diesters of diglycerol constitute the major portion of commercial polyglycerol esters; hence, their composition influences the performance of the latter as emulsifiers. The correlation of structure of the fatty acids in the mono- and diesters with surfactant properties is of interest. Linear diglycerol was isolated from polymerized glycerol by acetonation, fractional distillation and regeneration. Diglycerol mono- and diesters of undecenoic, lauric, stearic, oleic and ricinoleic acids were prepared by reacting diglycerol and fatty acids in a refluxing mixture of acetonitrile-tetrahydrofuran (75:25) in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid and molecular sieves. Mono- and diesters were separated by silica gel column chromatography, and their purities were ascertained by thin layer chromatography and determination of saponification value. The structures were confirmed by periodic acid oxidation, chemical-ionization mass spectrometry and 13 C-NMR spectroscopy. Surfactant properties of the esters were determined. Monoesters showed higher ability in surface tension reduction, emulsification and foaming than the diesters. Short-chain fatty acid esters showed better surfactant properties than the long-chain fatty acid esters. The presence of a central double bond in the lipophilic part of the monoesters reduced emulsion stability. The presence of a hydroxy group in acyl chain retarded foaming and surface tension reducing power.     

Diplocyclos palmatus L.: A new seed source of punicic acid

The seeds ofDiplocyclos palmatus L. (Cucurbitaceae) contained 23% oil and 15% protein. The UV, IR,¹H-NMR and¹³C-NMR spectrometry of the oil, and oxidation, reduction and gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of the methyl ester of conjugated fatty acid isolated by preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) showed the presence of punicic (octadeca-cis-9,trans-11,cis-13-trienoic) acid. The fatty acid composition (wt %), as determined by GLC, is: punicic, 38.2; 18∶2, 43.9; 16∶0, 8.1; 18∶0, 4.9 and 18∶1, 4.9.     

Reduction of unsaturated fatty acids and fatty alcohols with diimide from hydroxylamine-ethyl acetate

Hydroxylamine has been recently found to react with ethyl acetate to generate diimide in situ. This reaction was used to reduce 10-undecenoic, oleic, linoleic, stearolic, concentrates of ricinoleic, cyclopentene and cyclopropene fatty acids (FA), dehydrated castor oil FA, 10-undecen-1-ol, oleyl alcohol and castor fatty alcohols. Unsaturated FA and their corresponding alcohols reacted in a similar manner. Terminally unsaturated, cyclopropene and cyclopentene FA were more reactive than oleic acid, which, in turn, was more reactive than hydroxymonoenoic acids. Conjugated dienoic FA reduced faster than nonconjugated dienoic acids. Partial hydrogenation using this reagent is particularly advantageous in determining geometry and the position of double bonds in the polyunsaturated FA, as it can be carried out in the absence of oxygen or oxidizing agents unlike hydrazine reductions.     

Graphical synthesis of the RSSR crank-rocker mechanismGraphische synthese der RSSR-kurbelschwinge

Four different graphical constructions are put forward for the synthesis of the RSSR crank-rocker mechanism for prescribed oscillation angle and quick-return ratio. All these graphical constructions exhibit a series of designs, enabling some amount of direct choice. Checks for crankrocker action and for oscillation between the prescribed positions and in the prescribed direction are included along with a consideration of the transmission angle. These graphical procedures are believed to be useful when critical demands are not being made or while deviating somewhat from a limited set of catalogued designs.