The community reinforcement approach with homeless alcohol-dependent individuals.

Homeless alcohol-dependent individuals were randomly assigned to receive either a behavioral intervention (i.e., the Community Reinforcement Approach [CRA]) or the standard treatment (STD) at a large day shelter. Ninety-one men and 15 women participated. The majority of participants were White (64%), but both Hispanic (19%) and Native American (13%) individuals were represented as well. Overall, the decline in drinking levels from intake through follow-ups was significant. As predicted, CRA participants significantly outperformed STD group members on drinking measures across the 5 follow-ups, which ranged from 2 months to 1 year after intake. Both conditions showed marked improvement in employment and housing stability. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Resilience–recovery factors in post-traumatic stress disorder among female and male Vietnam veterans: Hardiness, postwar social support, and additional stressful life events.

Structural equation modeling procedures were used to examine relationships among several war zone stressor dimensions, resilience-recovery factors, and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in a national sample of 1,632 Vietnam veterans (26% women and 74% men). A 9-factor measurement model was specified on a mixed-gender subsample of the data and then replicated on separate subsamples of female and male veterans. For both genders, the structural models supported strong mediation effects for the intrapersonal resource characteristic of hardiness, postwar structural and functional social support, and additional negative life events in the postwar period. Support for moderator effects or buffering in terms of interactions between war zone stressor level and resilience–recovery factors was minimal. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Shear localization-martensitic transformation interactions in Fe-Cr-Ni monocrystal

A Fe-15 wt pct Cr-15 wt pct Ni alloy monocrystal was deformed dynamically (strain rate ∼10⁴ s⁻¹) by the collapse of an explosively driven thick-walled cylinder under prescribed initial temperature and strain conditions. The experiments were carried out under the following conditions: (a) alloy in austenitic state, temperature above transformation temperature; (b) alloy in transformed state; and (c) alloy at temperature slightly above M _s , propitiating concurrent shear-band propagation and martensitic transformation. The alloy exhibited profuse shear-band formation, which was a sensitive function of the deformation condition. Stress-assisted and strain-induced martensitic transformation competes with shear localization. The alloy deformed at a temperature slightly above M _s shows a significantly reduced number of shear bands. The anisotropy of plastic deformation determines the evolution of strains and distribution of shear bands. The different conditions showed significant differences that are interpreted in terms of the microstructural anisotropy. Calculated shear-band spacings based on the Grady-Kipp (GK) and Wright-Ockendon (WO) theories are compared with the observed values. The microstructure within the shear bands was characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Regions of sub-micron grain sizes exhibiting evidence of recrystallization were observed, as well as amorphous regions possibly resulting from melting and rapid resolidification. This article is based on a presentation given in the symposium “Dynamic Deformation: Constitutive Modeling, Grain Size, and Other Effects: In Honor of Prof. Ronald W. Armstrong,” March 2–6, 2003, at the 2003 TMS/ASM Annual Meeting, San Diego, California, under the auspices of the TMS/ASM Joint Mechanical Behavior of Materials Committee.     

Eyewitness Identification Accuracy and Response Latency: The Unruly 10-12-Second Rule.

Data are reported from 3,213 research eyewitnesses confirming that accurate eyewitness identifications from lineups are made faster than are inaccurate identifications. However, consistent with predictions from the recognition and search literatures, the authors did not find support for the "10-12-s rule" in which lineup identifications faster than 10-12 s maximally discriminate between accurate and inaccurate identifications (D. Dunning & S. Perretta, 2002). Instead, the time frame that proved most discriminating was highly variable across experiments, ranging from 5 s to 29 s, and the maximally discriminating time was often unimpressive in its ability to sort accurate from inaccurate identifications. The authors suggest several factors that are likely to moderate the 10-12-s rule. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The kinetics of carbide precipitation in silicon-aluminum steels

The kinetics of carbide precipitation in a fully processed 2.3 wt Pct silicon, 0.66 wt Pct aluminum electrical steel with carbon contents of 0.005 to 0.016 wt Pct were investigated over the temperature range from 150 to 760 °C and times from 30 seconds to 240 hours. The size, morphology, and distribution of the carbide phases, as functions of aging time and temperature, were determined by optical and transmission electron microscopy. The 1.5T core loss was also evaluated and correlated with the changes in precipitation. Distinct C curves were observed for the formation of grain-boundary cementite at temperatures above 350 °C and a transition carbide ({100} _α habit plane) at temperatures below 350 °C. Grain-boundary cementite had a relatively small effect on core loss. The large increases in core loss that accompanied transition carbide precipitation peaked at specific aging temperatures depending on the carbon content of the steel. Once a transition carbide dispersion was initially established at a given aging temperature, particle coarsening and core loss changes were generally insensitive to aging time. The influence of a combined addition of silicon and aluminum on the solubility of cementite and the transition carbide in iron was estimated and discussed. This paper is based on a presentation made at the symposium “Physical Metallurgy of Electrical Steels” held at the 1985 annual AIME meeting in New York on February 24–28, 1985, under the auspices of the TMS Ferrous Metallurgy Committee.     

Productive Foremen in Industrial Construction

This paper attempts to identify characteristics which diffirentiate productive industrial construction foremen from less productive industrial construction foremen. The first section, data collection methodology, explains how the data for this paper were gathered. The next section, statistical analysis, briefly describes why certain methods of statistical analysis were performed on the data. The following section, data analysis methodology, explains both how the data were grouped for analysis and how highly productive foremen were identified. The fourth section, criteria for identifying differentiating items among foremen, is appropriately titled. The results of the research project are then presented, followed by a conclusions section which summarizes the findings of the study.     

Effects of clients' attributional explanations and reasons for seeking help on counselors' impressions.

On the basis of an impression-management view of the counseling interaction, the effects of clients' initial self-presentations on counselors' impressions were investigated. It was predicted that a client offering personal attributional explanations (claiming responsibility for his/her problematic behavior) would be seen in a more favorable light than would one who attributed his/her predicament to others or to the situation. It was also expected that the client who expressed an intrinsic (self-improvement) reason for seeking help would make a better impression than would one who offered an extrinsic (nontherapeutic) reason. Ratings by 77 graduate psychology or social work students of stimulus tapes that manipulated these variables supported the hypotheses. The client who expressed personal attributions was viewed as more motivated and attractive than was the client who made situational attributions. When the reason for seeking help was intrinsic, Ss perceived the client to be more motivated and as having a better prognosis for change. There were, however, no uniquely significant effects on specific outcome expectancies or on judgments of problem severity. (16 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Preschoolers' moral actions and emotions in Prisoner's Dilemma.

The moral acts of 19 dyads of 4-yr-olds in a cognitively simplified version of Prisoner's Dilemma game were analyzed in relationship to their friendship, emotions, and processes of conflict resolution. Degree of friendship was rated by teachers; 2 sociologists used a Q-sort of group processes to describe the dyads' interactions. The emotions of each S were coded from videotape independently of his/her partner's and with the sound turned off. Moral acts were categorically identified as equalization, reparation, stalemate, default, and betrayal. These acts were also assigned scale scores on a dimension of moral sensitivity that was independently derived from separate work with 143 undergraduates, who judged the 5 acts in all possible paired comparisons and then rated the moral difference between each pair. These data almost perfectly fitted a model of increasing monotonic function. The degree of friendship between the dyads and their interactive processes—group orientation, positive emotional tone, and active involvement—were positively related to sensitive moral action. Their emotions were related to concurrent acts, and more importantly, predicted their subsequent acts even though they seldom talked about morality. Results suggest that if social scientists' search for practical morality is to be successful, emotional communication needs to be considered. (30 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Teaching WAIS—R administration skills: Comparison of the {mastery} model to other existing clinical training modalities.

Used the MASTERY model of the 2nd author (see record 1984-13254-001), a competency-based training paradigm, to bring 20 graduate students in clinical psychology to criterion level for competent administration of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS—R). 13 other graduate students completed a course in psychological tests and measurements but were not trained in WAIS—R administration with the MASTERY system. This model was then compared to some existing training models used by internship settings in terms of training effects, cost, and verification. In all comparisons, significant differences favored the competency-based approach. (24 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Beyond clinical trials: Generalizing from research to practice.

Suggests that clinical trials, or evaluations of psychotherapy techniques in clinical settings with patient populations, play a pivotal role in treatment research. Well-controlled psychotherapy trials provide a test of what treatment can do under conditions in which procedures such as therapist training and monitoring and the integrity of treatment are optimal. Methods designed to reduce the hiatus in how treatments are implemented, monitored, and evaluated in clinical research and practice include developing standardized assessment and treatment packages that can be implemented by practitioners, altering the manner in which clinical training is implemented and evaluated, training clinicians in strategies to evaluate their own clinical work, and conducting clinical replication case studies as a way to evaluate treatment applications in clinical practice. These alternatives combine standardization, training, evaluation, and clinical practice to help increase the generality of research findings to clinical work and to help merge research and clinical priorities. (46 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)