Flash heat processing of brown coals and hard-coal preparation products prior to their use for energy production

The principles of calculation of vortex chambers, in which flash heat processing of brown coal or a hard-coal beneficiation product with an ash content of 25–40% produced along can be run, are shown. Fast heat treatment of this type makes it possible to reduce the initial moisture content of brown coal from 35–40 to 2–12% and of coal preparation products, from 20–25 to 10–12%. In the basic parameters (fuel consumption, specific amount of metal, etc.), this method of reducing the moisture content is superior to traditional methods for drying coals and their preparation products (in drum, pipe, fluid-bed, or pneumatic dryers). After decreasing the moisture content of brown coals to a value of ≤3%, their bertinization, i.e., preparing a product with properties close to that of grade D coals, is also performed.     

Entrained-flow dry-bottom gasification of high-ash coals in coal-water slurries

It was shown that the effective use of dry ash removal during entrained-flow gasification of coal-water slurries consists in simplification of the ash storage system and utilization of coal ash, a decrease in the coal demand, a reduction in the atmospheric emissions of noxious substances and particulate matter, and abandonment of the discharge of water used for ash slurry. According to the results of gasification of coal-water slurries (5–10 μm) in a pilot oxygen-blow unit at a carbon conversion of >91%, synthesis gas containing 28.5% CO, 32.5% H₂, 8.2% CO₂, 1.5% CH₄, the rest being nitrogen, was obtained. The fly ash in its chemical composition, particle size, and density meets the requirements of the European standard EN 450 as a cement additive for concrete manufacture.     

Manufacturing an asphalt-rubber binder for asphalt concrete road pavement via joint thermolysis of crumb rubber with heavy petroleum residues

Thermolysis of heavy petroleum residues (atmospheric and vacuum residua) mixed with crumb rubber obtained via shredding of spent automobile tires was studied, and it was shown that a high-quality asphalt-rubber binder for asphalt concrete road paving can be prepared with the use of this process. Under optimal conditions (temperature 350–415 °C, isothermal holding time 10–20 min, amount of the activator oil shale 2–3 wt %), a 58–60% yield of the asphalt-rubber binder fraction on the basis of the feed mass can be obtained via the thermolysis of heavy petroleum residues in a mixture with 25–40% crumb rubber. The quality of the obtained binder meets the GOST (STate Standard) 9128-97 specifications for road pavements in Russian roadway climatic zone I–II.     

Chip training conditions

Various IC training methods that have not been adequately covered in the literature (energy cycling, pulse electrical burn-in, and electrical burn-in in lead frames) are considered. Ways for determining training periods and conditions for the transition from burn-in to thermal training are suggested.     

Effect of frequency and oscillation amplitude on moldability of alumina-foam-polystyrene bodies

Conclusions Molding alumina-foam polystyrene bodies at low vibration frequencies (1000 oscillations per minute) is not recommended. The high-frequency vibration (6000 oscillations per minute) with maximum amplitudes is of no great advantage over a frequency of 3000 oscillations per minute in relation to any reduction in the viscosity of the bodies. At a frequency of 3000 oscillations per minute and an amplitude of 1.0 mm the products have the maximum strength. The optimum moisture content of these bodies, facilitating immediate deshuttering of the freshly molded products is 22% using Soviet alumina, and 19% using Hungarian alumina.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 3, pp. 55–58, March, 1973.     

Parts screening for ESD susceptibility

An approach to screening of ICs and discrete transistors for ESD susceptibility is discussed. Procedures are proposed for comparing transistor batches in terms of reliability and for identifying items of unusual reliability among conforming ones in an IC batch, using annealing of ESD-induced faults.Translated from Mikroelektronika, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2005, pp. 27–36.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Gorlov, Emelyanov, Rubtsevich, Smirnov.     

Annealing of Radiation and Electrostatic-Discharge Damages in Semiconductor Devices

Categories and mechanisms of radiation-damage annealing in semiconductor devices are discussed. The annealing of electrostatic-discharge damages, a phenomenon discovered by the authors, is investigated experimentally. It is shown that methods for annealing the latter damages can be categorized in the same way.