Anisotropic interface induced formation of Sb nanowires on GaSb(111)A substrates

The growth of Sb nanowires on GaSb(111)A substrates is studied by in?situ azimuthal scan reflection high-energy electron diffraction (ARHEED). Bulk and layer contributions can be distinguished in the ARHEED transmission pattern through the Sb nanowires. The three-dimensional structure of the growing Sb nanowires is identified by post-growth atomic force microscopy (AFM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The lattice match of the Sb crystal along the [Formula: see text] and the GaSb crystal along [Formula: see text] directions lead to a preferential orientation of the Sb nanowires. The Sb adsorption and desorption kinetics is studied by thermal desorption spectroscopy.     

Relationship and techniques in cognitive-behavioral therapy--A motivational approach.

Motivational attunement is presented here as a set of guiding principles that can be used to foster the therapeutic alliance in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). The overarching goal of motivational attunement is to provide the client with need-satisfying experiences. In order to do so, the therapist must attune his or her interventions to the client's motivational goals. The authors attempt to demonstrate how therapists can assess motivational goals and use this information to foster the central components of the alliance. The authors also outline how motivational attunement can be used to prevent and resolve alliance ruptures. Finally, empirical support for the effects of motivational attunement is briefly described. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cryptococcosis in HIV infection of man: an epidemiological and immunological indicator?

Cryptococcosis is an epidemiological and immunological indicator due to the absence of Cryptococcus neoformans as a saprophyte in immunocompetent humans and the advantage of specific C. neoformans culture. On this basis, a report is presented on the CD4 lymphocyte count of 36 AIDS patients suffering from cryptococcosis and other concomitant or missing opportunistic AIDS-defining infections. In 26 out of 36 patients, i.e. 72%, a CD4 lymphocyte count of < or = 50/microL (mean value 39.5%) was found. Cryptococcosis as the sole opportunistic infection was diagnosed in 5 cases (13.9%). In 31 cases, various combinations of AIDS-associated diseases were found: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) (n = 19), cytomegalovirus infection (CMV) (n = 10), Kaposi's sarcoma (n = 6), Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infection (MAI) (n = 5), pneumonia (n = 2), toxoplasmosis (n = 2), Candida esophagitis (n = 1), tuberculosis (n = 1), lambliasis (n = 1), salmonellosis (n = 1) and wasting syndrome (n = 5). The conspicuous simultaneous occurrence or succession of pneumocystosis and cryptococcosis and the contrasting absence of aspergillosis and mucormycosis (zygomycosis) are commented. Based on the present observations in HIV-infected persons in Berlin, a CD4 lymphocyte count of < 150/microL may be used as a parameter indicating a predisposition for cryptococcosis as an airborne AIDS-defining infection. Attention is drawn to bird droppings as the sole habitat of C. neoformans and accidental niche of various other microorganisms.     

Comparative Performance Tests and Validation of NDT Methods for Concrete Testing

Validation of non-destructive testing methods is necessary to create a common basis where different systems can be compared and their applications and limitations be identified. This can be achieved through comparing the measurements taken by several systems used for a common diagnostic purpose under practical but controlled testing conditions. Well-designed small and large laboratory or field specimens promise such conditions. The special concrete specimen (LCS) at BAM was constructed for validation purposes, in particular, to be used for evaluating the performance of echo methods. The thickness of the specimen is varying and it contains carefully designed built-in faults, such as voids, honeycombs and tendon ducts with various degrees of grouting defects. Since the geometry and condition of the defects are known, it can be used to compare the performance of radar, ultrasonic, impact-echo. The research was conducted within the Research group FOR384, sponsored by the German Research Society DFG.     

Infants communicate in order to be understood.

Infants intentionally communicate with others from before their 1st birthday. But there is some question about how they understand the communicative process. Do they understand that for their request to work the recipient must both understand the request and be cooperatively disposed to fulfill it? On the basis of the study by Shwe and Markman (1997), we developed a new paradigm that tested whether and how 18-, 24-, and 30-month-old children repair a failed request. Children at all ages repaired their requests in the case of a misunderstanding even if they had obtained the requested object already. They also repaired differently depending on the precise reason for the communicative failure (e.g., misunderstanding the referent versus the communicative intent) and did not repair in the case of correct understanding, even if they did not get the requested object. Thus, from very early in their communicative careers, young children operate with a basic understanding of the mental and cooperative nature of human communication. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ultrasound monitoring of the influence of different accelerating admixtures and cement types for shotcrete on setting and hardening behaviour

The possible use of ultrasound measurements for monitoring setting and hardening of mortar containing different accelerating admixtures for shotcrete was investigated. The sensitivity to accelerator type (alkaline aluminate or alkali-free) and dosage, and accelerator-cement compatibility were evaluated. Furthermore, a new automatic onset picking algorithm for ultrasound signals was tested. A stepwise increase of the accelerator dosage resulted in increasing values for the ultrasound pulse velocity at early ages. In the accelerated mortar no dormant period could be noticed before the pulse velocity started to increase sharply, indicating a quick change in solid phase connectivity. The alkaline accelerator had a larger effect than the alkali-free accelerator, especially at ages below 90 min. The effect of the alkali-free accelerator was at very early age more pronounced on mortar containing CEM I in comparison with CEM II, while the alkaline accelerator had a larger influence on mortar containing CEM II. The increase of ultrasound energy could be related to the setting phenomenon and the maximum energy was reached when the end of workability was approached. Only the alkaline accelerator caused a significant reduction in compressive strength and this for all the dosages tested.