Molecular correlations in sheared thermotropic copolyesters showing banded textures

Banded textures produced in a thermotropic liquid crystal polymer by shearing between glass slides are examined by using both transmission electron and polarized light microscopy. The periodic variation in director orientation about the shear axis, as measured by light microscopy, is shown to be distinctly different from that indicated by electron diffraction. Measurements of birefringence and observation of Zernicke phase contrast indicate periodic variations in optical properties of the polymer, in step with the bands. Such effects are accounted for in terms of a synchronous rotation of the planar aromatic groups about the molecular chain axes. Evidence for an out-of-plane component of molecular orientation is also presented.     

Electromagnetic scattering by a straight thin wire

The traveling-wave energy, which multiply diffracts on a straight thin wire, is represented as a sum of terms, each with a distinct physical meaning, that can be individually examined in the time domain. Expressions for each scattering mechanism on a straight thin wire are cast in the form of four basic electromagnetic wave concepts: diffraction, attachment, launch, and reflection. Using the basic mechanisms from P.Ya. Ufimtsev (1962), each of the scattering mechanisms is included into the total scattered field for the straight thin wire. Scattering as a function of angle and frequency is then compared to the moment-method solution. These analytic expressions are then extended to a lossy wire with a simple approximate modification using the propagation velocity on the wire as derived from the Sommerfeld wave on a straight lossy wire. Both the perfectly conducting and lossy wire solutions are compared to moment-method results, and excellent agreement is found. As is common with asymptotic solutions, when the electrical length of wire is smaller than 0.2 λ the results lose accuracy. The expressions modified to approximate the scattering for the lossy thin wire yield excellent agreement even for lossy wires where the wire radius is on the order of skin depth     

A STUDY OF THE PRIMARY PHASE OF FOOD FREEZE-DRYING IN VACUO

In the development of a novel freeze-drying technique in a fluidized bed at atmospheric pressure, a parallel study was undertaken using a conventional vacuum equipment. Two kinetically distinct phases were observed during freeze drying of representative Pood samples:

(1) a period during which the rate of drying was constant and (2) a second period during which the drying rate sufferedcontinual reduction. This paper focused attention on the primary drying period which corresponded with the kinetics of sublimation of pure     

The effect of secondary scattering on the induced current in a longwire over an imperfect ground from an incident EMP

The effect of secondary scattering that is produced by the induced current in an infinitely long, finitely conducting wire over a plane, finitely conducting earth from an incident electromagnetic pulse is investigated. This is accomplished by finding the field of a Hertzian dipole over the earth and identifying the part that is due to secondary scattering. Frequency-domain results for the overall induced current require that certain infinite integrals be numerically evaluated. Fourier inversion to the time domain in turn requires the numerical evaluation of another infinite integral. When the results are compared to those obtained when secondary scattering is ignored, it is found that secondary scattering slightly increases the current for the case of broadside incidence and reduces it for the case of grazing incidence by as much as two orders of magnitude. Peak currents are much smaller than previously thought. These general results hold for all of the earth parameters that were used in the study     

IEEE Richard Harold Kaufmann Award Call for Nominations

This letter further discusses the difference between different definitions of voltage unbalance. Contrary to an earlier letter (see P. Pillay et al., ibid., vol.5, p.50-1, 2001), it is concluded that different definitions may give significantly different results. The two IEEE definitions that were not discussed in the earlier letter give different results and both deviate significantly from the true value (ratio of negative, and positive-sequence voltage) when a zero-sequence component is present.     

Laminar-turbulent transition behavior of fully developed air flow in a heated horizontal tube

I have experimentally studied the influence of the buoyancy force and inlet flow conditions on the laminar-turbulent transition process of fully developed air flow in a heated horizontal tube with uniform wall heat flux at modified Rayleigh number 3.1×10⁶. Eight time-series of the air temperature were simultaneously obtained using eight thermocouples positioned within the tube along a vertical line passing through the tube's axis. I have studied the time and space dependence of the transition behavior by analyzing these instantaneous time-series. By calculating a set of Lyapunov exponents and the correlation dimension of the time-series of a single thermocouple, these transitional flows are found to be chaotic.