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881.
R. Meneghini 《Scientometrics》1996,35(3):367-373
The Brazilian scientific production and its international impact increased considerably in the last 10 years. This increase occurred in spite of a reduction in the resources for science in the same period. The data show that the explanation for this apparent paradox lies in the active process of international and national collaboration which increased in this same period. Collaborative work was supported by several programs of the Brazilian agencies. Advantages and possible drawbacks of the intensification of scientific collaboration for the Brazilian science are discussed. 相似文献
882.
D. Porter 《Advanced Performance Materials》1996,3(3-4):309-324
The use of molecular-level materials modelling techniques in the development of advanced performance polymers is discussed, with particular emphasis upon bridging the large difference in the scales of dimensions between atomic structure and fabricated parts. The advantages and disadvantages of bulk quantitative structure-property relations and atomistic modelling are assessed, and the method of group interaction modelling is suggested as a means of bridging the dimensional scales.After a brief introduction to the concept of group interaction modelling, examples of modelling the engineering properties of polymers are presented which are difficult to model quantitatively by any other means. The important phase transitions from the crystal and glassy states of matter to those of rubber- and liquidlike states are shown quantitatively to be due to the same isoenergetic condition. The viscoelastic properties of a polymer are critical for many applications and expressions are derived for the loss and storage components of the complex modulus, with reference to failure initiation conditions. The effect of crosslinking in thermosets upon the glass transition temperature and viscoelastic properties is outlined. Finally, the scaling of time from atomic vibrations to the years involved in creep and ageing effects are discussed. 相似文献
883.
J. Va'vra J. Kadyk J. Wise P. Coyle 《Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment》1996,370(2-3):352-366
Among the photocathodes used for particle identification based on the Cherenkov Ring Imaging technique, the TMAE molecule is still the best in terms of quantum efficiency. Despite the fact that TMAE gaseous photocathodes have already been used in a number of large experiments, one still seeks answers to many detailed questions. We present a systematic study of gaseous photocathodes based on TMAE mixed with helium, hydrocarbon and CF4-based gases at normal pressure. The study includes a measurement of the electron drift velocity, gas quenching properties, single electron pulse height spectra and anode wire aging. The paper makes recommendations for carrier gas mixtures to obtain the best quenching, and suggests how to manage TMAE wire aging. This study was motivated by a specific particle identification detector proposal, the Fast Drift CRID proposed for the B-factory at SLAC. 相似文献
884.
885.
This article describes a study of delamination growth along 0 °/0 °, 0 °/ 5 °, ± 5 °, and 0 °/90 ° interfaces sandwiched between unidirectional carbon fibre/epoxy composite material. Relationships between damage criticality, growth rate and acoustic emission activity for delamination growth have been studied and the transferability of results from laboratory coupons to composite structural elements has been examined. Two types of coupon tests, conventional delamination beams and rigidly loaded single edge notched strips, have been compared for different mode ratios. Comparative tests have been made on buckling-induced delamination in plates. A graphite crack gauge has been used to measure delamination length and growth rate, ranging from 0.05–2000 m/s. Damage growth was also followed using visual, ultrasonic C-scan, X-ray radiography, macro-video and acoustic emission measurements. Empirical evaluations of interlaminar toughness for delamination beams are made using the Irwin-Kies relation. Unstable growth is analysed using elasto-dynamic moving finite elements. Bucklinginduced delamination is analysed using plate/shell FE methods with growth/remeshing algorithms. 相似文献
886.
O. V. Denisenko 《Measurement Techniques》1996,39(11):1092-1094
A method is considered for increasing the immunity from interference of broadband systems for measuring and transmitting information.
It is based on utilizing nonlinear methods to process spread-spectrum signals. The possibility is investigated of using a
quasioptimal receiving device which can be implemented in practice. It is shown that the proposed method makes it possible
to solve the rejection problem at the physical level.
Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 11, pp. 13–15, November, 1996. 相似文献
887.
The behavioral approach to system theory provides a parameter-free framework for the study of the general problem of linear exact modeling and recursive modeling. The authors present the solution of the (continuous-time) polynomial-exponential time series modeling problem. Both recursive and nonrecursive solutions are provided and classified according to properties like complexity and controllability. It is shown, in particular, that recursive modeling corresponds to updating by means of a cascade inter-connection of systems. As a special case, the solution of several other problems, such as rational interpolation, realization, and modeling of arbitrary discrete-time time series, is obtained 相似文献
888.
The trends in high density interconnection (HDI) multichip module (MCM) techniques that have the potential to reduce interconnection cost and production time are described. The implementation in laminated dielectric (MCM-L) technology of a workstation processor core illustrates current substrate technology capabilities. The design, routing, layout and thermal management of the processor core are described. Thin-film deposited dielectric (MCM-D) technology is discussed as a cost-effective method for future interconnection applications 相似文献
889.
W. F. Flanagan Lijun Zhong B. D. Lichter 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》1993,24(3):553-559
A model is proposed to explain transgranular-stress corrosion cracking (T-SCC) in face-centered cubic (fcc) materials. Crack
propagation is shown to be anisotropic, in that growth near {110} < 001> is discontinuous due to crack arrest by dislocation
blunting whereas growth away from this growth orientation is continuous. For the former case, renucleation of arrested cracks
involves active dissolution of shear bands at the crack tip, which changes the stress state at Lomer-Cottrell locks, causing
them to fail by cleavage. Once the crack is nucleated, its instantaneous macroscopic crack-growth velocity is considered to
be comprised of multiple nucleation of microcracks with intervening arrests. This microcracking results from the interaction
of the stress fields from neighboring cracks which are forming simultaneously, the crack-opening constraint due to ligaments
which act as “bridges” behind the crack front, and the localized dissolution at the microcrack tip which affectsK
IC and leads to the “cobblestone” appearance. Experimental evidence and theoretical considerations are presented to support
the model. The system studied was Cu-25 at. pct Au in 0.6 M NaCl solution at potentials between 300 and 400 mV (sce), which
precludes hydrogen embrittlement.
This article is based on a presentation made in the symposium “Quasi-Brittle Fracture” presented during the TMS fall meeting,
Cincinnati, OH, October 21–24, 1991, under the auspices of the TMS Mechanical Metallurgy Committee and the ASM/MSD Flow and
Fracture Committee. 相似文献
890.
Nitric oxide reduction and carbon monoxide oxidation over carbon-supported copper-chromium catalysts 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
S. Stegenga R. van Soest F. Kapteijn J. A. Moulijn 《Applied catalysis. B, Environmental》1993,2(4):257-275
Carbon supported copper-chromium catalysts are shown to be very active for both the reduction of nitric oxide with carbon monoxide and the oxidation of carbon monoxide with oxygen. Mixed copper-chromium oxide active phases have good activity in the simultaneous removal of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide from exhaust gases. The influence of several catalyst variables has been investigated. The activity per volume of catalyst increases with increasing loading, while the intrinsic activity shows a maximum around C/M=100−50. An optimum catalyst for nitric oxide reduction and carbon monoxide oxidation has a copper/chromium ratio of 2/1. The apparent activation energy for the carbon monoxide oxidation over carbon supported copper-chromium catalysts is 77 kJ/mol, suggesting that the Cu---O bond rupture is the rate-limiting process. The reduction of nitric oxide takes place at higher temperatures. Since all catalysts have a low selectivity for molecular nitrogen formation at lower temperatures, the dissociation of nitric oxide is probably rate determining, resulting in a slightly reduced catalyst system. In an excess of carbon monoxide the reaction is first-order in nitric oxide and zero-order in carbon monoxide. Moisture inhibits the reaction by reversible competitive adsorption, whereas carbon dioxide does not. Oxygen completely inhibits the reduction of nitric oxide due to the more rapid reoxidation of the catalytic sites compared to nitric oxide. Therefore, the reduction of nitric oxide takes place only when all oxygen has been converted and, hence, is shifted to higher temperatures. As a possible consequence, the production of nitrous oxide is reduced. Nitric oxide and molecular oxygen react preferentially with carbon monoxide, so, in an excess of oxidizing component, gasification of the carbon support occurs at higher temperatures after carbon monoxide has been completely consumed. 相似文献