己内酰胺联产工艺中影响成品290nm处吸光度杂质的定性定量分析

利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对环己烷羧酸-环己酮肟联产己内酰胺工艺中影响成品在290 nm处的吸光度的杂质进行了定性分析。分析结果表明,联产工艺生产的己内酰胺中含有八氢吩嗪。利用紫外分光光度法证实了八氢吩嗪的含量与290 nm处的吸光度存在近似线性的相关性,因而推断八氢吩嗪为影响产品在290 nm处吸光度的主要杂质。反应机理的研究结果表明,八氢吩嗪是由环己酮肟Beckmann重排过程局部硫酸量不足,环己酮肟硫酸酯发生Neber重排形成的连氮化合物衍生而成。建立了八氢吩嗪的高效液相色谱分析方法,较优的分析条件为:C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm×5μm),流动相为体积比为30:70的乙腈-水溶液,流量1.0 mL/min,紫外检测器检测波长290 nm。该方法具有准确、快速和简单的优点。     

Modeling of approach processes for equal or unequal sized fluid particles

The approach of two unequal or equal sized fluid particles is modeled using a simple parallel film model, giving expressions for interaction time and maximum film area, disregarding all external forces. The interaction time is found independent of the initial approach velocity and it explains why the effective virtual mass coefficient changes with the radius ratio of particles in the model of Chesters and Hofman (1982). A more general parallel film model is also developed based on the balance of forces acting on the particles and shows how initial velocity, radius ratio and buoyancy affect the interaction time, approach velocity and film area. Both models are compared to the experimental data of Scheele and Leng (1971).     

用复数向量法求抽油机悬点加速度

用复数向量法推导了抽油机悬点加速度，其推导过程分两个步骤：首先以抽油机支架所在的直线为实轴，建立复数坐标系，求出游梁式抽油机杆件的一组几何关系式，然后对该组几何关系式予以求导，求得抽油机游梁的角加速度；再分别以抽油机的游梁、曲柄所在的直线为实轴，建立复数坐标系，求得抽油机曲柄与连杆的夹角角速度dα／dt，以及抽油机游梁与连杆的夹角角速度dβ／dt，进而导出抽油机悬点的加速度。     

1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑磷钨酸盐在环己酮氨肟化反应中的重复使用性能

制备了1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑磷钨酸盐((C8H16N2)3PW12O40),并将其用于催化环己酮氨肟化反应。采用FTIR、TG-DSC、XRD以及核磁共振等方法对反应前后的催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,反应后催化剂的咪唑阳离子碳链发生了断裂,同时其磷钨阴离子[PW12O40]3-也转变成一种缺位型杂多阴离子[PW11O39]7-。催化剂重复使用2次后,仍然获得与新鲜催化剂相同的环己酮肟产率,表明在氨肟化体系中结构改变了的丁基咪唑磷钨酸盐催化剂仍然具有良好的催化性能。     

A robust two-phase heuristic algorithm for the truck scheduling problem in a resource-constrained crossdock

This paper studies truck scheduling in a resource-constrained crossdock. The problem decides on the sequence of incoming and outgoing trucks at the dock doors of the crossdocking terminal, subject to the availability of crossdock resources including dock doors and material handling systems. The resources are assumed non-preemptive making it necessary to address the feasibility of the problem before its optimality as it might be entrapped in deadlock and no feasible solution is produced. The paper thus aims at developing an algorithmic approach capable of establishing solution feasibility for truck scheduling problem instances of various types and difficulty levels which at the same time can be readily implemented in an industrial setting. The proposed approach is a two-phase heuristic algorithm where in the first phase, a heuristic search is deployed to construct a feasible sequence of trucks for the assignment to dock doors and in the second, a rule-based heuristic is used to assign each sequenced truck to a proper dock door, subject to a limited number of forklifts, such that significant savings in the truck schedule length are achieved. Extensive experiments are conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the algorithm in terms of deadlock avoidance and solution quality. The evaluation is carried out against the solutions generated by the exact mathematical model of the problem and a constructive heuristic developed for a similar truck scheduling problem. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is robust in avoiding deadlock and generates feasible solutions for the instances where the other two approaches cannot. Furthermore, significant improvement in the solution quality is achieved by augmenting the algorithm to a re-starting heuristic.     

Dynamic yard crane dispatching in container terminals with predicted vehicle arrival information

The performance of a container terminal depends on many aspects of operations. This paper focuses on the optimal sequencing of a yard crane (or YC for short) for serving a fleet of vehicles for delivery and pickup jobs. The objective is to minimize the average vehicle waiting time. While heuristic algorithms could not guarantee an optimal solution, a conventional mathematical formulation such as mixed integer program would require too much computing time. We present two new algorithms to efficiently compute YC dispatching sequences that are provably optimal within the planning window. The first algorithm is based on the well-known A^∗ search along with an admissible heuristics. We also incorporate this heuristics into a second backtracking algorithm which uses a prioritized search order to accelerate the computation. Experimental results show that both new algorithms perform very well for realistic YC jobs. Specifically, both are able to find within seconds optimal solutions for heavy workload scenarios with over 2.4 × 10¹⁸ possible dispatching sequences. Moreover, even when the vehicle arrival times are not accurately forecasted, the new algorithms are still robust enough to produce optimal or near-optimal sequences, and they consistently outperform all the other algorithms evaluated.     

Leaching of additives from construction materials to urban storm water runoff

Urban water management requires further clarification about pollutants in storm water. Little is known about the release of organic additives used in construction materials and the impact of these compounds to storm water runoff. We investigated sources and pathways of additives used in construction materials, i.e., biocides in facades' render as well as root protection products in bitumen membranes for rooftops. Under wet-weather conditions, the concentrations of diuron, terbutryn, carbendazim, irgarol 1051 (all from facades) and mecoprop in storm water and receiving water exceeded the predicted no-effect concentrations values and the Swiss water quality standard of 0.1 microg/L. Under laboratory conditions maximum concentrations of additives were in the range of a few milligrams and a few hundred micrograms per litre in runoff of facades and bitumen membranes. Runoff from aged materials shows approximately one to two orders of magnitude lower concentrations. Concentrations decreased also during individual runoff events. In storm water and receiving water the occurrence of additives did not follow the typical first flush model. This can be explained by the release lasting over the time of rainfall and the complexity of the drainage network. Beside the amounts used, the impact of construction materials containing hazardous additives on water quality is related clearly to the age of the buildings and the separated sewer network. The development of improved products regarding release of hazardous additives is the most efficient way of reducing the pollutant load from construction materials in storm water runoff.     

正交试验法在环己烷羧酸亚硝化反应中的应用

采用正交设计试验法对甲苯法己内酰胺生产工艺中的环己烷羧酸亚硝化反应进行了研究 ,考察了反应温度、时间、配比和三氧化硫浓度等因素对反应的转化率、选择性以及副产物的影响 ,获得了最佳的反应条件为温度 73℃ ,时间 15min ,环己烷羧酸与亚硝基硫酸的质量比 2 .4,体系中三氧化硫质量含量 8%。     

Rushton搅拌釜气含率分布CT彩色数字成像模型研究

为了建立和实现137Cs γ射线CT(computed tomography)测量Rushton气液搅拌釜气含率分布彩色数字成像模型,根据137Cs发射γ射线信号和探测器接受信号的Poisson分布模型和气液两相流体吸收衰减辐射信号的二项分布模型,在给出接受信号实验样本空间条件下,采用最大似然参数估计法,对容器断面气液...     

Stability Assessment of Virgin Coconut Oil‐Based Emulsion Products

In recent years, there has been dramatic growth in the market for virgin coconut oil (VCO). VCO, a promising functional food oil, has gained popularity and captured public attention worldwide. Two VCO‐based emulsion products were developed as a new nutritional food supplement with the aim of increasing the consumption of VCO. The stability of VCO‐based emulsion products was assessed during a storage period of 3 months to gauge the quality of the optimized VCO‐based emulsions. The particle‐size distributions of the VCO‐based emulsions remained stable throughout the 3‐month storage period at 25 and at 50°C. However, a slight increase in the particle sizes was observed in the VCO‐based emulsions samples after 2 months of storage at 4 °C. Nevertheless, phase separation did not occur in either of the VCO‐based emulsions products throughout the storage‐stability assessment period. No signs of microbial growth were detected in the emulsion products during the storage period. Furthermore, no significant changes in the free fatty acid contents of the emulsion products were observed during storage at 4 or 25°C throughout the storage period. The VCO‐based emulsion products possessed sufficient emulsion stability to withstand changes at different storage temperatures.