Theory of the cos ø term in the Josephson tunneling current

The current-phase relation for the Josephson tunnel junction is investigated by using the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau (TDGL) equations. The cos ø term is shown to have a negative coefficient and the same order of magnitude as the phase-independent term. The effect of the tunneling barrier is taken into account in terms of the boundary conditions of the order parameter and the electric potential at the junction; the new boundary conditions are derived by generalizing de Gennes' discussions for the dc Josephson effect to the time-dependent phenomena. The TDGL equations are solved on the assumption that the transmission coefficient across the junction is small enough and that the processes involved are quasi-stationary. It is concluded that the spatial and temporal variations of various quantities are of vital importance to an understanding of the nonequilibrium characteristics in the tunnel junction.     

Processing and formulation of drug nanoparticles by ternary cogrinding with methacrylic copolymer and sucrose fatty acid esters

Drug nanoparticles were prepared by cogrinding three components: a drug, a methacrylic copolymer, and sucrose fatty acid ester (SE). A high nanoparticle yield was obtained when cholesterol-lowering probucol (PBC), a poorly water–soluble drug, was used in the cogrinding process with D-1811, an SE with stearic acid as the fatty acid and the hydrophile–lipophile balance (HLB): 11. Investigation of the influence of HLB on SEs constituted with stearates revealed that the nanoparticle yield increased with increasing HLB of the SE; a particle-size distribution of about 100 nm (thought to originate from the drug) was observed. The PBC crystallinity was analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy before and after grinding. Its crystalline form changed from form I to form II with partial generation of the amorphous state. Granules with improved drug solubility and controlled-release performance were prepared by coating the particles with an aqueous suspension of the coground product. Observation of the coated granule surfaces by SEM and polarization microscopy revealed about a 10-μm-thick coating layer. In a dissolution test, controlled drug-release characteristics were observed under intestinal solubility conditions. Based on these results, functional pharmaceutical granules with enteric and sustained drug release were prepared.     

Y-branch waveguides with stabilized splitting ratio designed by wavefront matching method

We designed optical Y-branch waveguides with a stabilized splitting ratio by using a new design approach based on the wavefront matching method. The designed Y-branches were fabricated using silica-based planar lightwave circuit technology. We suppressed any variation in the splitting ratio of the Y-branch experimentally and obtained excess losses of <0.35 dB over a wide wavelength range of 1.3-1.7 /spl mu/m.     

Effect of rare-earth oxide(CeO2) on the microstructures in laser melted layer

The effect of rare-earth oxide (CeO₂) on the microstructures in laser melted layer has been studied via X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy techniques. It is shown that in the laser melted layer, the primary crystallization -(Fe,Ni) phase is changed from 3.0 m to 1.5 m in average size after the addition of rare-earth oxide; while in the eutectic structure, granular CeNi₈Si₅ phase is identified in the CeO₂-addition sample except for the primary crystallization -(Fe,Ni) phase and laminar Fe₃B phase which appear in the CeO₂-free sample. Electron microscopical evidences show that quantities of W-rich phases with the molecular formula of (Cr,W)₇C₃, are found in the CeO₂-addition sample, it is of orthorhombic structure with lattice parameters of a = 0.494 nm, b = 0.732 nm, c = 1.355 nm.     

A case of neurilemmoma in the infratemporal fossa showing the antral bowing sign

A case is reported of a neurilemmoma which arose in the right infratemporal fossa of a 23-year-old male. A benign tumour was suspected when bowing of the posterior maxillary antral wall was observed on CT.     

High-efficiency power 2DEGFETS based on a surface undoped layer n-AlGaAs/GaAs selectively doped structure for Ka-band

We have evaluated the power performance of surface undoped structure n-AlGaAs/GaAs 2DEGFETs at Ka-band. This unique configuration 2DEGFET with a 0.5 ?m gate length showed a 143 W/mm output power at 28.5 GHz. Furthermore, 7 dB linear gain and 21% power-added efficiency were attained, which are the best data in the Ka-band frequency range reported to date.     

Internationalization and geographically representative scholarship in journals devoted to behavior analysis: an assessment of 10 journals across 15 years

Scientometrics - There are many reasons to consider behavior analysis an international field. For example, the primary membership organization for the field has affiliated chapters in 33 countries,...     

Moisture-induced drift in thermo-optic phase shifters composed of deuterated and fluorinated methacrylate polymer waveguides

Using deuterated and fluorinated methacrylate polymer waveguides, we fabricated thermo-optic phase shifters that require a small electric power of 10 mW to cause a pi phase shift. The phase shifters had a phase drift that was greater at higher humidity and that was saturated in approximately 10 min. This phenomenon is ascribed to the moisture desorption-sorption of the waveguide polymers caused by heating-cooling on the basis of experimental results on the relationships among waveguide temperature increase, relative humidity, and moisture sorption of the waveguide polymers. This conclusion is supported by the calculation of temperature and moisture distribution in the waveguide when the thin-film heater is heated.     

Neuronal damage following transient cerebral ischemia and its restoration by neural transplant

The middle cerebral artery (mca) was intraluminally occluded for one hour prior to reperfusion in the rat. Neuronal damage as well as motor imbalance were assessed in both acute and chronic stages with or without neural transplant in the striatum. In acute stage, argyrophil III staining demonstrated "collapsed" dark neurons in the ipsilateral striatum, cortex, reticular thalamus, amygdala and sometimes in the hippocampus. They had shrunken somata and corkscrew-like dendrites. In accordance with the appearance of dark neurons, the immunoreactivity for calpain of endogenous inactive form decreased or disappeared in ischemic areas. In chronic stage, ischemic core area (striatum and cortex) got into porencephaly, and animals made rotations following methamphetamine injection. Neural transplant (fetal striatal cells) was made during 2 to 4 weeks after the ischemia. Once the transplant survived and grew in the striatum, the methamphetamine rotations were attenuated. Using mca ischemic model rats we report here pathophysiological processes that lead to neuronal damage and infarct. Neural transplants into these animals brought partial restoration in motor disturbance, offering a valuable information concerning therapeutic possibility.