Energy distributions and radiation emissions in an inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) device under low and moderate magnetic fields

The energy distributions and electromagnetic emissions of deuterium ions and electrons in an inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC) unit are reported for low and moderate magnetic field cases. The IEC device has a central wire system inside the grid system of the chamber for the production of the azimuthal magnetic field. The real-time simulations are performed by time integration method by using a finite difference method (FDM) for the physical geometry of device. It is observed that the field induces helical trajectories on the particles especially at the central region where the magnetic force is maximized in a fully ionized Deuterium media. The results prove that the particles have rich dynamics in terms of their trajectories. The effect of negative potential and particle–particle interaction play important roles to determine the trajectories even for low number of ions and electrons. Ion temperatures are calculated as T_i = 6.9 keV after 6 μs for low field case and T_i = 1.517 MeV after 22 μs for medium field case.     

Entanglement and Sudden Death for a Two-Mode Radiation Field Two Atoms

The effect of the field–field interaction on a cavity containing two qubit (TQ) interacting with a two mode of electromagnetic field as parametric amplifier type is investigated. After performing an appropriate transformation, the constants of motion are calculated. Using the Schrödinger differential equation a system of differential equations was obtained, and the general solution was obtained in the case of exact resonance. Some statistical quantities were calculated and discussed in detail to describe the features of this system. The collapses and revivals phenomena have been discussed in details. The Shannon information entropy has been applied for measuring the degree of entanglement (DE) between the qubits and the electromagnetic field. The normal squeezing for some values of the parameter of the field–field interaction is studied. The results showed that the collapses disappeared after the field–field terms were added and the maximum values of normal squeezing decrease when increasing of the field–field interaction parameter. While the revivals and amplitudes of the oscillations increase when the parameter of the field–field interaction increases. Degree of entanglement is partially more entangled with increasing of the field-field interaction parameter. The relationship between revivals, collapses and the degree of entanglement (Shannon information entropy) was monitored and discussed in the presence and absence of the field–field interaction.     

Effect of thermal damage on mineralogical and strength properties of basic volcanic rocks exposed to high temperatures

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment - In this study, the engineering behaviors of rocks exposed to temperatures ranging from 200 to 1000 °C were investigated and...     

Determination of optimum Pd:Ni ratio for PdxNi100‐x/CNTs formic acid electrooxidation catalysts synthesized via sodium borohydride reduction method

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the optimum Pd:Ni molar ratio for carbon nanotube–supported PdNi (Pd_xNi_100‐x/CNT) alloy catalysts toward formic acid electrooxidation (FAE). NaBH₄ reduction method was employed for the synthesis of Pd₉₀Ni₁₀/CNT, Pd₇₀Ni₃₀/CNT, Pd₅₀Ni₅₀/CNT, and Pd₄₀Ni₆₀/CNT. Synthesized catalysts were characterized by employing advanced surface analytical techniques, namely, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N₂ adsorption‐desorption, and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). The characterization results showed that all catalysts were successfully synthesized at desired molar composition. Pd₉₀Ni₁₀/CNT displayed the highest specific and mass activities with 2.32 mA/cm² and 613.9 mA/mg Pd, respectively. Specific activity of the Pd₉₀Ni₁₀/CNT was found approximately 3.6, 2.3, 11.1, and 3.4 times higher than those of Pd₇₀Ni₃₀/CNT, Pd₅₀Ni₅₀/CNT, Pd₄₀Ni₆₀/CNT, and Pd/CNT, respectively. The synergistic effect between Pd and Ni at optimized metal ratio was utilized to obtain an improvement in specific activity. Furthermore, Pd₉₀Ni₁₀/CNT showed the lowest charge transfer resistance (R_ct) and a long‐term stability. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the optimization of atomic molar composition for Pd_xNi_100‐x/CNT catalysts toward FAE.     

The Effect of Initial Stress on Thermoelastic Rotating Medium with Voids Due to Laser Pulse Heating with Energy Dissipation

This article reports studies on the rotation of initially stressed thermoelastic medium with voids subjected to thermal loading due to laser pulse. The bounding plane surface is heated by a non-Gaussian laser beam. The medium rotated with a uniform angular velocity. The problem was studied in the context of Green-Naghdi (G-N) theory of types II and III using the normal mode analysis method. The comparisons between the both types II and III of (G-N) theory in the presence and the absence of the rotation, the initial stress and for two values of time for considered medium are shown graphically.