Progress in renewable energy under clean development mechanism in India

Kyoto protocol was the first agreement regarding control of climate change problems. Clean development mechanism (CDM) was included in the Kyoto protocol to promote sustainable development in developing countries (non-Annex I countries) and assist developed countries (Annex I countries) to achieve their emission reduction targets. CDM allows trading of emissions reductions and helps to increase sustainable development in a developing country and reduce global emissions in developed country. Renewable energy sources are the appropriate alternatives for sustainable development through CDM. India is one of the emerging nations in renewable energy sector. Government of India is trying to enhance energy generation through renewable and carbon trading. This paper shows the current status and progress of renewable energy through CDM in India.     

Non-linear position-force control of objects grasped by multifingered mechanical hands

This paper presents a new non-linear position-force control scheme for control of interaction of objects, grasped by multifingered mechanical hands, with the environment. Using the theory of input-output linearization, the hand-object dynamics in joint space is first projected along the position and force control directions, input-output linearized and decoupled. Along the position control direction(s), a state feedback controller (SFC) is used for trajectory tracking. A new dynamic SFC, which programs a variable compliance, is used along the force control direction(s). The variable compliance is appropriately modulated on the basis of the force feedback information to maintain a desired interaction force level. An optimal grasp force decomposition scheme is also developed for the control of grasping forces. The proposed scheme ensures grasp stability under dynamic conditions. The efficacy of the overall control scheme is demonstrated through numerical simulation.     

Evaluation of Routing with Robustness to the Variation in Traffic Demand

In this paper, we focus on routing problem in the face of variation in traffic demands. We implement a Robust Routing algorithm (RRT) with an aim of satisfying networking goals such as load balancing, routing robustness to the range of traffic demand matrices or to the traffic changes caused by uncertain traffic demands. We conduct simulation experiments on range of topologies that includes, real network and randomly generated synthetic network topologies. Simulation results show marked improvement in the maximum link utilization compare to Open Shortest Path First. K-shortest path implementation of RRT can be extended for Multi Protocol Level Switching.     

In situ study of rotating lattice single-crystal formation in Sb2S3 glass by Laue μXRD

Single-crystal architectures in glass, formed by a solid-solid transformation via laser heating, are novel solids with a rotating lattice. To understand the process of lattice formation that proceeds via crystal growth, we have observed in situ Sb₂S₃ crystal formation under X-ray irradiation with simultaneous Laue micro X-ray diffraction (μXRD) pattern collection. By translating the sample with respect to the beam, we form rotating lattice single (RLS) crystal lines with a consistently linear relationship between the rotation angle and distance from nucleation site. The lines begin with a seed crystal, followed by a transition region comprising of sub-grain or very similarly oriented grains, followed by the presence of a rotating lattice single crystal of unrestricted length. The results demonstrate that the primary cause of lattice rotation within RLS crystals is the densification accompanying the glass → crystal transformation, rather than stresses produced from the difference in thermal expansion coefficient of the two phases or paraelectric → ferroelectric transition during cooling to ambient temperature.     

Industry-Recommended Procedures for Experimental Crude Oil Preheat Fouling Research

Of all heat transfer research arenas, few have the investment return potential of crude oil fouling mitigation. However, crude oil fouling is a very complex phenomenon that occurs via the simultaneous activity of multiple mechanisms. Advances in this field of research are complicated further by the lack of standardized procedures, which would permit unequivocal comparisons of non-proprietary data. As a result, Heat Transfer Research, Inc. formed the Crude Oil Fouling Task Force (COFTF), which is composed of heat transfer experts from many of the world's leading energy companies. The principle endeavor of the COFTF is to ensure that crude oil fouling research is both standardized and industrially relevant. The COFTF recommendations are detailed in this paper.     

In‐Situ Raman Spectroscopy Study of Photoinduced Structural Changes in Ge‐rich Chalcogenide Films

Very few studies have been directed at the compositional dependence of the intrinsic photostability of the Ge_xSe_1?x binary ChG films especially for the Ge‐rich films with the mean coordination number (MCN) larger than 2.67. Here, by measuring the in‐situ transmission changes, it shows that the photosensitivity (e.g., photobleaching, PB) of the Ge‐rich films (as compared to the GeSe₂ film) is attenuated, in fact almost completely eliminated in the film with the largest MCN. A straightforward technique, in‐situ Raman spectroscopy, is used to record the time‐resolved intrinsic structural changes during the irradiation of the films. The result indicates a transition from PB towards photostability occurs at the critical composition of GeSe₂ corresponding to the structural phase transition. The stressed rigid structures of the Ge‐rich films inhibit any significant photo‐structural changes.     

Evaluation of Physico-Chemical Properties of Modified Silk Fiber

In this paper, we report the effect of surface modification of B. mori silk fibers on its physico-chemical properties. Modification of silk fibers was carried out through graft-copolymerization of acrylonitrile monomer onto it in the presence of ascorbic acid/ H₂O₂ initiator. The effects of varying the time, temperature, initiator concentration, and monomer concentration on graft-copolymerization were studied in terms of grafting parameters, such as percent grafting and percent efficiency. The graft copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. The grafted samples were further evaluated for their physical properties such as swelling behavior, moisture absorption, and chemical resistance properties.