小模数齿轮传动重合度分析

本文分析了小模数渐开线齿轮传动的重合度与节圆压力角的关系,给出了增大重合度的设计方法。     

Determination of longitudinal dispersion coefficient and net advection in the tidal hudson river with a large-scale,high resolution SF6 tracer release experiment

Physical processes such as advection, dispersion, and air-water gas exchange play important roles in determining the movement and change in concentration of contaminants discharged into rivers. In the following, we report results from a large-scale SF6 tracer release experiment conducted in the tidal Hudson Riverto examine longitudinal dispersion and net advection. SF6 was injected into the Hudson River near Newburgh, NY, and surveyed for 13 days using a new, fully automated, high-resolution SF6 sampling and analysis system. Net down river advection of the water body originally tagged with SF6 was slow, averaging mean displacement rates of about 0.5 +/- 0.2 km d(-1). In contrast, spreading of the tracer was driven by tidal movement, causing rapid mixing of the water up and down river. By examining the change in the second moment of the tracer distribution with time, we determined the mean longitudinal dispersion coefficient to be 70.1 +/- 4.3 m2 s(-1). Temporal evolution of the SF6 inventory indicates an average gas transfer velocity over the period of the experiment of 6.5 +/- 0.5 cm h(-1) (1.56 +/- 0.12 m d(-1)). Vertical profiles show that mixing into the bottom layers of the river, in places reaching more than 53 m, seemed to be rapid.     

Software sensor for on-line estimation of the microbial activity in activated sludge systems

This paper considers the design of a software sensor (or soft-sensor) for the on-line estimation of the biological activities of a colony of aerobic micro-organisms acting on activated sludge processes, where the carbonaceous waste degradation and nitrification processes are taken into account. These bioactivities are intimately related to the dissolved oxygen concentration. Two factors that affect the dynamics of the dissolved oxygen are the respiration rate or the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) and the oxygen transfer function (K(l)a). These items are challenging topics for the application of recursive identification due the nonlinear characteristic of the oxygen transfer function, and to the time-varying feature of the respiration rate. In this work, OUR and the oxygen transfer function are estimated through a software sensor, which is based on a modified version of the discrete extended Kalman filter. Numerical simulations are carried out in a predenitrifying activated sludge process benchmark and the obtained results demonstrate the applicability and efficiency of the proposed methodology, which should provide a valuable tool to supervise and control activated sludge processes.     

Molecular inflammation hypothesis of aging based on the anti-aging mechanism of calorie restriction

Accumulating evidence strongly suggests that oxidative stress underlies aging processes. Research provides consistent evidence that calorie restriction (CR) reduces age-related oxidative stress and has anti-inflammatory properties. However, information is lacking on the molecular mechanism that would better define the interrelation of reactive oxygen species and nitrogen species and the pro-inflammatory states of the aging process. In this review, the biochemical and molecular bases of the inflammatory process in the aging process are analyzed to delineate the molecular inflammation hypothesis of aging. The key players involved in the proposed hypothesis are the age-related upregulation of NF-kappa B, IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNFalpha, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible NO synthase, all of which are attenuated by CR. Furthermore, age-related NF kappa B activation is associated with phosphorylation by I kappa B kinase/NIK and MAPKs, while CR blocked these activation processes. The modulation of these factors provides molecular insights of the anti-inflammatory action of CR in relation to the aging process. Based on available finding and our recent supporting evidence, we prefer to use "molecular inflammation" to emphasize the importance of the molecular reaction mechanisms and their aberrance, predisposing to fully expressed chronic inflammatory phenomena. It was further proposed that CR's major force of the regulation of redox-sensitive inflammation may well be its life-prolonging action.     

Spatiospectral transmission of a plane-mirror Fabry-Perot interferometer with nonuniform finite-size diffraction beam illuminations

The transmission of a plane-mirror Fabry-Perot (PFP) interferometer is theoretically modeled and investigated by treating the spatial and spectral features in a unified manner. A spatiospectral transfer function is formulated and utilized to describe the beam propagation and the multiple-beam interference occurring in an ideal one-dimensional strip PFP interferometer with no diffraction loss. The spatial-frequency filtration of a finite-size beam input not only determines the transmitted spatial beam profile but also plays a crucial role in affecting the overall spectral transmittance. The inherent deviations of the spectral transmittance from what we know as the standard Airy's formula are revealed in diverse aspects, including the less-than-unity peak transmittance, the displacement of a resonance peak frequency, and the asymmetric detuning profile. Our theoretical analysis extends to the misaligned PFP interferometers, such as the cases in which non-normal-incidence beams or wedge-aligned mirrors are used that could severely degrade the effective interferometer finesse.     

Hc2 of MgCNi3 Determined from the Specific Heat and Resistivity Measurements

H _c2 of MgCNi₃ has been determined from the specific heat C and resistivity measurements in the same sample. The results from are nearly identical with those determined from the anomaly in C. Furthermore, utilizing the relation (H) H and the value of d/dH, the obtained value of H _c2 is the same as that by the WHH model, if the spin paramagnetic effect and the spin–orbit interaction are taken into account. The results of this comparison have strong implications on the order parameter of MgCNi₃.     

Probing lysine acetylation with a modification-specific marker ion using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray-mass spectrometry with collision-induced dissociation

Posttranslational acetylation of proteins regulates many diverse functions, including DNA recognition, protein-protein interaction, and protein stability. The identification of enzymes that regulate protein acetylation has revealed broader use of this modification than was previously suspected. In this study, we describe a method for identifying protein acetylation at lysine residues by analysis of digested protein using HPLC/ESI-MS with a new modification-specific marker ion. Collision-induced dissociation with capillary or nano-LC/ESI-TOF-MS was used to obtain a fragment ion useful as a marker for acetylated lysine. Although the acetylated lysine immonium ion at m/z 143.1 has been used as a marker ion for detecting acetylated lysine, it can be confused with internal fragment ion in some peptides, producing false positive results. We have found a novel marker ion at m/z 126.1, which is a further fragment ion induced by the loss of NH3 from the acetylated lysine immonium ions at m/z 143.1. This novel marker ion was found to be more specific and approximately 9 times more sensitive than the immonium ion at m/z 143.1. In addition, no interfering ions for acetylated peptides were found in the extracted ion chromatogram at m/z 126.1. The utility of this method was demonstrated with acetylated cytochrome c as a model compound. After the modification was probed by the new marker ion, the acetylated lysine site was determined by the CID-MS spectrum. This method was applied to identify histone H4 acetylation in HeLa cells treated with trichostatin A. Three protein bands separated by acid-urea-Triton gel electrophoresis were confirmed as tetra, tri, and diacetylated histone H4 at lysines 5, 8, 12, and 16. This method may be useful for assaying for lysine acetylation, which is an important regulatory process for a range of biological functions.     

Tilting tolerance analysis of a broadband polarization-preserving beam displacer

We numerically investigated the performance of an achromatic polarization-preserving beam displacer that was proposed by Galvez [Opt. Lett.26,971(2001)]. First, the four-prism configuration of the Galvez scheme is verified by simulation. We examined the extension of wavelength beyond visible light by considering the corresponding power loss. The degree of polarization is also considered. The tolerance of tilts of reflecting surfaces is comprehensively discussed. It is shown that the second reflector of a four-prism system is the most critical component. Performance of various materials, including plastics, is evaluated. We explain a simplified implementation based on two prisms (the classic Porro configuration), which also improves material performance.     

Thermally and electrically switchable gratings based on polymer-ball-type polymer-dispersed liquid-crystal films

We focus on the fabrication and study of controllable holographic gratings based on azo-dye-doped and undoped polymer-ball-type polymer-dispersed liquid-crystal films. Experimental results indicate that the next step of photopolymerization of the sample with the illumination of Ar+ laser beams after UV curing causes a latent density grating to be recorded. This grating is formed by a selective secondary photopolymerization. Heating and applying a voltage change the structure of the liquid crystal and induce the appearance of the latent grating. Diffraction efficiencies versus temperature, voltage, and state of polarization are studied for both dye-doped and undoped cells and are found to be quite different. This discrepancy is attributable to the reorientation effect of liquid crystals through their interaction with the photo-induced adsorption of the doped dyes on the surface of polymer balls in the dye-doped cell.     

Retrieval of atmospheric-temperature and water-vapor profiles by use of combined satellite and ground-based infrared spectral-radiance measurements

A nonlinear sounding retrieval algorithm is used to produce vertical-temperature and water-vapor profiles from coincident observations taken by the airborne High-resolution Interferometer Sounder (HIS) and the ground-based Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) during the SUbsonic Contrails and Clouds Effects Special Study (SUCCESS). Also, clear sky Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) and AERI radiance measurements, achieved on a daily real-time basis at the Department of Energy's Oklahoma CART (Cloud and Radiation Testbed) site, are used to demonstrate the current profiling capability by use of simultaneous geostationary satellite and ground-based remote sensing observations under clear-sky conditions. The discrepancy principle, a method to find the proper smoothing parameters from the minimum value between the normalized spectral residual norm and the a priori upper bound, is used to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of on-line simultaneous tuning of the multiple weighting and smoothing parameters from the combined satellite/airborne and ground-based measurements for the temperature and water-vapor retrieval in this nonlinear-retrieval process. An objective method to determine the degrees of freedom (d.f.) of the observation signal is derived. The d.f. of the radiance signal for the combined GOES and AERI measurements is larger than that for either instrument alone; while the d.f. of the observation signal for the combined GOES and AERI measurements is larger than that for either instrument alone and of the combined GOES and AERI measurements. The use of simultaneous clear-sky AERI and GOES data now provides improved vertical temperature and moisture soundings on an hourly basis for use in the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program [J. Appl. Meteorol. 37, 875 (1998)].